Confocal microscope

Manufactured by Leica

Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Canada, China, France

The Leica confocal microscope is a high-resolution imaging system that uses a focused beam of light to capture detailed images of specimens. It employs a pinhole aperture to eliminate out-of-focus light, allowing for the acquisition of sharp, high-contrast images of thin optical sections within a sample.

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SP5/SP8 confocal microscopes TCS2 confocal microscope TCS SP5 AOBS laser scanning confocal microscope SP8 STED 3× confocal microscope SP8 laser confocal fluorescence microscope SP5 laser confocal microscope Leica WLL TCS SP8 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope TCS SP5 confocal microscope system TCS/NT confocal laser scanning microscope LSM 780 Leica SP5X confocal microscope

1 146 protocols using confocal microscope

Ocean Acidification Impacts on Coral Calcification

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At 11 days post-fertilization, 20 D-shaped larvae from the nominal pH 8.1 treatments were transferred to 10 ml of seawater previously equilibrated at either pH_T 8.1 or 7.0 and containing 25 μg/ml green calcein (Sigma, C0875). When calcein is present in the seawater, it is incorporated into newly built skeleton. These structures are then labelled in green/yellow. After 48 h, larvae (n = 6 per treatment) were examined using a Leica confocal microscope. Relative net calcification (%) was estimated as the ratio between the length of the green labelled calcein band and the maximum length.
Larvae were then transferred to seawater equilibrated at the same pH (from 8.1 to 8.1 or 7.0 to 7.0) or the other pH (from 8.1 to 7.0 or 7.0 to 8.1) in a fully crossed design and containing 25 μg/ml blue calcein (Sigma, M1255). Larvae (n = 6 per treatment) were examined using a Leica confocal microscope. Relative net calcification (%) was estimated as the ratio between the size of the blue labelled calcein band and the maximum length. Relative dissolution (%) was estimated as:

where D = dissolution (%); LGB₁ = length of the green band after a two day exposure; LGB₂ = length of the green band after a four day exposure.

Ventura A., Schulz S, & Dupont S. (2016). Maintained larval growth in mussel larvae exposed to acidified under-saturated seawater. Scientific Reports, 6, 23728.

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Immunofluorescence Staining and Imaging Protocol

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Mice were perfused with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), followed by 4 % paraformaldehyde at pH 7.4. Tissue samples were then post xed overnight in 4 % paraformaldehyde and then cryoprotected in 30 % sucrose at 4 °C. Brain were cut in 12 μm thickness with a frozen microtome. For immuno uorescence staining, sections were blocked in PBS containing 10% normal goat serum and 0.3 % Triton X-100 for 1 h at room temperature. Brain sections were incubated with primary antibody in blocking buffer overnight at 4℃. After rinsing in PBS, sections were incubated with appropriate secondary Alexa Fluor-conjugated antibodies for 2 h at RT. All sections were counterstained with 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Vector Laboratories) after being rinsed with PBS. Images were captured under a Leica confocal microscope.
HeLa cells line were xed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min on ice, followed by blocking in 10% FBS for 1 h at RT. The cells were then incubated with primary antibody in blocking buffer overnight at 4•C. After rinsing in PBS with 0.1% Triton X-100, cells were incubated with appropriate secondary Alexa Fluor conjugated antibodies for 1 h at RT. Images were captured under a Leica confocal microscope.

Li Z.Y., Chen L.H., Zhao X.Y., Chen H., Sun Y.Y., Lu M.H., Wang Z.T., Chen M., Lu L., Huang W., Chen R., Xu D.E., Xu R.X, & Ma Q.H. (2021). Clemastine attenuates AD-like pathology in an AD model mouse via enhancing mTOR-mediated autophagy. Experimental neurology, 342.

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Immunofluorescence Staining and Imaging Protocol

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Li Z., Chen L., Zhao X., Chen H., Lu M., Sun Y., Wang Z., Chen M., Lu L., Huang W., Xu D., Xu R., & Ma Q. (2020). Clemastine Attenuates AD-like Pathology in an AD Model Mouse via Enhancing mTOR-Mediated Autophagy.

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Arabidopsis Transformation and Agroinfiltration

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Arabidopsis transformation was performed by the vacuum infiltration method (Bechtold and Pelletier, 1998) using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101. T1 and T2 seeds were selected on 20 lg ml À1 hygromycin, and the T2 plants were transferred to soil to obtain homozygous T3 seeds. For the phenotypical analysis, one homozygous line (T3 or T4 generation) was used. The agroinfiltration procedure was performed as described by Liu et al. (2010) . Two days after agroinfiltration, the leaves were observed under a confocal microscope (Leica, http://www.leica.com/). For Arabidopsis protoplast transformation, mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from 4-week-old rosette leaves and co-transfected with pGFP2-STRF1-GFP and different endomembrane organelle markers, as previously described (Chen et al., 2010) . Transfected cells were kept in the dark at room temperature overnight, and observed the following day under a confocal microscope (Leica).

Tian M., Lou L., Liu L., Yu F., Zhao Q., Zhang H., Wu Y., Tang S., Xia R., Zhu B., Serino G, & Xie Q. (2015). The RING finger E3 ligase STRF1 is involved in membrane trafficking and modulates salt-stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology, 82(1).

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FRET Analysis of PLCβ1-TRAX Interaction

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We examined FRET analysis by confocal microscope (Leica) to study the interaction of PLCβ1 and TRAX [36 (link)]. Briefly, HUVECs were incubated with or without 20 μM GHCer or SSEA3Cer for 3 h, 100 μg EVs, EVs + mAb VK9 (5 μg), or EVs + isotype antibody for 16 h, at 37 °C then washed twice in cold PBS. After fixation and permeabilization, cells were stained for PLCβ1 with unlabeled mouse antibody (Santa Curz, Dallas, TX, USA) and a saturating amount of donor Alexa488 labeled anti-mouse IgG (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA). TRAX was detected by rabbit anti-TRAX antibodies (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), followed by saturating concentrations of acceptor Alexa555-tagged anti-rabbit IgG (Biolegend). After staining, the cells were washed and analyzed under a confocal microscope (Leica) with 555 laser power-off.

Wang S.H., Cheng J.Y., Tsai H.H., Lo T.C., Hung J.T., Lin C.C., Lee C.W., Ho Y.H., Kuo H.H., Yu A.L, & Yu J. (2022). Conformational alteration in glycan induces phospholipase Cβ1 activation and angiogenesis. Journal of Biomedical Science, 29, 105.

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Immunofluorescence and FISH Protocols

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For immunofluorescence studies, cells were grown on poly-D-lysine-coated glass coverslips, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature and permeabilized with 0.25% Triton X-100/PBS for 10 min at room temperature before incubation with the specific or control antibody. Primary antibodies against E-cadherin, pancytokeratin, vimentin, α-SMA and fibronectin were all mouse anti-human (all from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA), and were diluted at 1∶200. The secondary antibody, Alexa-647-labelled goat anti-mouse (Abcam, Bristol, UK, USA) diluted 1∶200 in PBS, was incubated for 60 min, and DAPI (Sigma), used as a nuclear stain was incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Cells were then washed twice and observed under a confocal microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) experiments were performed using probes against the α-satellite centromeric region of the X chromosome and the α-satellite centromeric region of the Y chromosome, according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Kreatech, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Coverslips were washed and observed under a confocal microscope (Leica).

Xu M.H., Gao X., Luo D., Zhou X.D., Xiong W, & Liu G.X. (2014). EMT and Acquisition of Stem Cell-Like Properties Are Involved in Spontaneous Formation of Tumorigenic Hybrids between Lung Cancer and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e87893.

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Subcellular Localization and BiFC Assays

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For subcellular localization analysis, 35S::GS9-GFP and 35S::OsOFP14-GFP fusions were constructed by in-frame fusion of full-length GS9 or OsOFP14 cDNA with GFP (green fluorescent protein) coding region, respectively. The fusion genes were then inserted into the pCAMBIA2300 or pJIT163 vectors driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, and the constructs were transformed into Agrobacterium strain GV3101 and injected into tobacco leaves, or directly transformed into rice protoplasts, respectively. GFP signal was then observed by confocal microscope (Leica). All the primers are listed in Supplementary Table 6.
For BiFC assays, full-length GS9 or OsOFP14 cDNA was cloned into pBiFC vectors using the gateway system containing either the N- or C-terminal end of YFP. The resulting constructs (nYFP-GS9 and OsOFP14-cCFP) and corresponding empty vectors were transformed into Agrobacterium strain GV3101, respectively. In addition, full-length GS9, OsOFP14, or OsOFP8 cDNA was cloned into pYNE(R) and pYCE(R) containing the N- or C-terminal end of YFP, respectively, and the resulting constructs (nYFP-GS9, cYFP-OsOFP14, and cYFP-OsOFP8) and their corresponding empty vectors were directly transformed into the protoplasts of rice Nipponbare and Arabidopsis Col plants, respectively. Fluorescence was then observed by confocal microscope (Leica)^{53 (link)}. All the primers are listed in Supplementary Table 6.

Zhao D.S., Li Q.F., Zhang C.Q., Zhang C., Yang Q.Q., Pan L.X., Ren X.Y., Lu J., Gu M.H, & Liu Q.Q. (2018). GS9 acts as a transcriptional activator to regulate rice grain shape and appearance quality. Nature Communications, 9, 1240.

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Evaluating Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Proliferation

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Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP in situ nick-end-labeling (TUNEL) staining was conducted to detect apoptotic nuclei by confocal microscopy in α-actinin-labeled cardiomyocytes, as described before [24] (link). NRCMs were fixed with 4% PFA for 20 min, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 20 min and blocked with 5% BSA in PBS-Tween for 1 h. Subsequently, NRCMs were incubated with α-actinin antibody (1:200, Sigma A7811) diluted in 5% BSA overnight at 4°C. To detect proliferation, EdU assays were performed using Click-iT Plus EdU Alexa Fluor 488 Imaging Kit (KeyGEN, Nanjing, China), according to manufacturer's instructions. Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI and the number of EdU-positive nuclei was calculated. Fifteen fields/sample (200 x magnification) were viewed under a confocal microscope (Leica, Germany).
NRCMs were fixed with 4% PFA for 20 min, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 20 min and blocked with 5% BSA in PBS-Tween for 1 h. Subsequently, NRCMs were incubated with HIPK2 (1:200, Abcam) and P53 (1:200, Cell Signaling Technology) antibody (1:200, Abcam) diluted in 5% BSA overnight at 4°C. Cell nuclei were counterstained with HOECHST. About fifty fields/sample were viewed under a confocal microscope (Leica, Germany).

Zhou Q., Deng J., Yao J., Song J., Meng D., Zhu Y., Xu M., Liang Y., Xu J., Sluijter J.P, & Xiao J. (2021). Exercise downregulates HIPK2 and HIPK2 inhibition protects against myocardial infarction. EBioMedicine, 74, 103713.

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Quantifying Surface EGFR Expression

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Cells were plated and allowed to incubate on coverslips overnight. The following day the cells were fixed to coverslips using 4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA) Solution (Thermo Scientific). A permeablization step was not performed to preserve cell surface EGFR. After fixation, primary antibody EGFR (528) (Santa Cruz) antibody was used, followed by secondary antibody Alexa Fluor 594 anti-mouse IgG (Life Technologies). After antibody incubations, the coverslips were mounted to slides using ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant with Dapi (Invitrogen). The slides were allowed to dry overnight (in the dark) at room temperature, and images were acquired with a Leica confocal microscope.

Williams C.B., Phelps-Polirer K., Dingle I.P., Williams C.J., Rhett M.J., Eblen S.T., Armeson K., Hill E.G, & Yeh E.S. (2019). HUNK phosphorylates EGFR to regulate breast cancer metastasis. Oncogene, 39(5), 1112-1124.

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FITC-BSA Uptake in Primary Endothelial Cells

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Primary TECs were cultured in 35-mm glass-bottomed dishes to ~90% confluence over six days. The cells were incubated with FITC-BSA (100 µg/mL) in serum-free medium at 37 °C for 1–3 h. In another set of experiment, the cells were pretreated with DMSO or simvastatin (10 µM) for 2 h, and then exposed to FITC-BSA for another 3 h. Afterwards, the cells were washed with ice-cold PBS, then fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 15 min. Images were captured by a Leica confocal microscope (Wetzlar, Germany).

Chen X., Cobbs A., George J., Chima A., Tuyishime F, & Zhao X. (2017). Endocytosis of Albumin Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 by Activating the ERK Signaling Pathway in Renal Tubule Epithelial Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(8), 1758.

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