Succinic acid

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C4H6O4. It is a colorless, crystalline solid with a slightly acidic taste. Succinic acid is a naturally occurring compound found in many organisms and is used in various industrial applications.

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Succinic acid (C4H6O4, (2 citations)

14 protocols using succinic acid

Encapsulation of D-Limonene in Alginate-Gelatin Complex

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D-Limonene, gelatin (type A with an isoelectric point of 7), n-hexane, pepsin, pancreatin 8XUSP were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). High viscosity sodium alginate (GRINDSTED Alginate FD 155) with pKa of 3.5 (Dupont Nutrition and Health, New Century, KS, United States) was selected for maximizing the extent of complex coacervation (16 , 24 (link)). Succinic acid, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and isopropanol were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, United States). Anti-foam reagent was purchased from Spectrum Chemicals Mfg Corp (New Brunswick, NJ, United States). Aquacoat^® ECD 30 (aqueous colloidal dispersion of ethylcellulose polymer-30% ethylcellulose stabilized by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and cetyl alcohol) was provided by Colorcon (Harleysville, PA, United States) and tributyl citrate was purchased from TCI America (Portland, OR, United States). Limonene, carvone and Limonene oxide standards were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States).

Tang Y., Park H., Scher H.B, & Jeoh T. (2022). The role of a moisture-barrier latex in controlling retention, stability and release of D-limonene from complex coacervated matrix microparticles formed during spray drying. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 979656.

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Yeast Cell Culture Media Compositions

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Standard culture media were used [50 ]. The YPD medium consists of 1% yeast extract (Becton, Dickson, and Co., Sparks, MD), 2% Peptone (Becton, Dickson, and Co.), and 2% dextrose (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ). The synthetic complete (SC) medium consists of 0.67% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (Becton, Dickson, and Co.), 0.0086% of each of the 20 amino acids except 0.0171% leucine (Fisher Scientific), 0.0021% adenine (Fisher Scientific), 0.0009% 4-aminobenzoic acid (Fisher Scientific), 0.0086% uracil (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 0.0086% myo-inositol (Sigma), and 2% dextrose (Fisher Scientific). The SC-Dropout medium is the same as SC, except that specific amino acid(s) were omitted. The YM-1, a buffered rich liquid medium [51 (link)], consists of 0.5% yeast extract (Becton, Dickson, and Co.), 1% Peptone (Becton, Dickson, and Co.), 0.7% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (Becton, Dickson, and Co.), 0.6% sodium hydroxide (Fisher Scientific), 1% succinic acid (Fisher Scientific), and 2% dextrose (Fisher Scientific). All yeast strains were grown at 25°C, unless otherwise indicated.

Oh Y., Schreiter J.H., Okada H., Wloka C., Okada S., Yan D., Duan X, & Bi E. (2017). Hof1 and Chs4 interact via F-BAR domain and Sel1-like repeats to control extracellular matrix deposition during cytokinesis. Current biology : CB, 27(18), 2878-2886.e5.

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Quantitative Analysis of Sugars and Organic Acids

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Submicron-filtered HPLC-grade water was used. D-glucose, D-fructose, maltose, maltotriose, and sulfuric acid purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) were used. HPLC-grade lactic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, propionic acid, ethanol, and acetonitrile purchased from Fisher (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) were used.

Liu D., Zhang H.T., Xiong W., Hu J., Xu B., Lin C.C., Xu L, & Jiang L. (2014). Effect of Temperature on Chinese Rice Wine Brewing with High Concentration Presteamed Whole Sticky Rice. BioMed Research International, 2014, 426929.

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Characterization of Methylobacterium radiotolerans

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Low viscosity sodium alginate (A1112), Schiff's fuchsin sulfite reagent, sodium metabisulfite, periodic acid, glutamic acid, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, sodium citrate dihydrate, succinic acid, ammonium hydroxide, SYTO9 nucleic acid stain, propidium iodide, and isopropanol were purchased from Fisher (Fair Lawn, NJ). Bacto soytone was purchased from BD Difco BBL (Houston, TX). MilliQ water with a minimum resistivity of 18 MΩ-cm (Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used for all experiments.
The pink-pigmented methylobacteria used in this study were provided by NewLeaf Symbiotics Inc. (St Louis, MO). The strain is deposited at the Northern Regional Research Labs as NRRL Accession #B50930. Based on MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequence (Accugenix^® Charles River, Wilmington MA), the isolate was designated as Methylobacterium radiotolerans. Whole genome sequence information (Ilumina Hi-Seq, MOgene Dx, St Louis, MO and Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park), coupled with ANI score analysis suggests that this strain is closely related to the type strain designated as M. radiotolerans.

Strobel S.A., Allen K., Roberts C., Jimenez D., Scher H.B, & Jeoh T. (2018). Industrially-Scalable Microencapsulation of Plant Beneficial Bacteria in Dry Cross-Linked Alginate Matrix. Industrial Biotechnology, 14(3), 138-147.

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β-Cyclodextrin Purification and Characterization

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β-cyclodextrin (catalog no. C-4767, purity > 97%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO). Initial batches of β-cyclodextrin that we had stored for over a year showed some evidence of aggregation^{41 (link)} in newly made concentrated solutions that had stood for on the order of an hour or more, based on slight clouding and confirmatory spectrophotometry, so a new batch was purchased and used for the present experiments. Solutions made from the new lot showed no evidence of aggregation. Thermogravimetric analysis of the initial batch of β-cyclodextrin confirmed Sigma-Aldrich’s specification of 8 mole of water per mole of β-cyclodextrin, and the amounts weighed to achieve a target concentration were adjusted to compensate for the water content. NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm the structure and purity of the new lot of β-cyclodextrin. Succinic acid and NaOH were both obtained from Fisher Scientific through the chemistry stockroom at University of California, San Diego.

Kantonen S.A., Henriksen N.M, & Gilson M.K. (2016). Evaluation and Minimization of Uncertainty in ITC Binding Measurements: Heat Error, Concentration Error, Saturation, and Stoichiometry. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1861(2), 485-498.

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Quantitative Analysis of Short-Chain Fatty Acids

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Optima LC/MS-grade ACN, FA, methanol, and water were obtained from Thermo-Fisher Scientific. Authentic SCFA reference materials (acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pentanoic acid, isopentanoic acid, and 2-methylbutyric acid) were obtained from Millipore-Sigma (Burlington, MA). Reagents used in the derivatization of the SCFAs include aniline and [13C6]-aniline (for carbon-13 labeled IS preparations) and were obtained from Millipore-Sigma, and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, 2-mercaptoethanol, and succinic acid were obtained from Thermo-Fisher Scientific. Derivatization reactions for the preparation of the analytes (N-phenyl-SCFA derivatives) and corresponding IS (N- [(¹³C₆)-phenyl]-SCFA derivatives) were performed as previously described.⁴⁴ (link) Individual calibration standards were prepared at N-phenyl SCFA derivative concentrations of 9.8, 39.0, 156, 625, 2500, and 10,000 nmol/L using an internal standard solution that contains 2250 nmol/L of [¹³C₆]-phenyl-SCFA derivatives as the diluent.

Engevik M.A., Luck B., Visuthranukul C., Ihekweazu F.D., Engevik A.C., Shi Z., Danhof H.A., Chang-Graham A.L., Hall A., Endres B.T., Haidacher S.J., Horvath T.D., Haag A.M., Devaraj S., Garey K.W., Britton R.A., Hyser J.M., Shroyer N.F, & Versalovic J. (2020). Human-Derived Bifidobacterium dentium Modulates the Mammalian Serotonergic System and Gut–Brain Axis. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11(1), 221-248.

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Synthesis of Organic Compounds

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Triethylamine (>99%), sulphuric(VI) acid (95%) and n-decane (>99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Adipic acid was purchased from BASF SE (Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany). Succinic acid (99%) was purchased form Acros Organic (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Butan-1-ol and 2-ethylhexan-1-ol were produced at the plants of Grupa Azoty Zakłady Azotowe Kędzierzyn S.A. Deuterated solvents, e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 (99.8%) and chloroform-d (99.8%), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).

Barteczko N., Więcławik J., Tracz A., Pankalla E., Erfurt K., Latos P., Boncel S., Matuszek K, & Chrobok A. (2021). Dialkyl Succinates and Adipates as Alternative Plasticizers—Even More Efficient Synthesis. Materials, 14(20), 6219.

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Characterization of Alginate Polymers

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Sodium alginate from Millipore Sigma (Cat# A1112) (LV), BASF (Hydagen 558P) (HV1), TIC (Algin 400) (HV2), and DuPont Danisco (GRINDSTED Alginate FD 155) (HV3) were used in this study (Table 1). Calcium hydrogen phosphate, succinic acid, sodium citrate, glacial acetic acid, sodium carbonate, β-D-glucose, sodium bicarbonate, L-serine, sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, calcium carbonate, and methanol were purchased from Thermo Fisher. Schiff’s fuchsin sulfite reagent, sodium metabisulfate, periodic acid, anthrone, D-(+)-galacturonic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, disodium 2,2-bicinchoninate (BCA), copper (II) sulfate, chloroform, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), and D-(+)-mannuronic acid were purchased from Millipore Sigma. The polymannuronic acid (YP31737) and polyguluronic acid (YP03135) was obtained from Carbosynth Ltd. (Berkshire UK) at a minimum of 85% purity and 10% water content with an average molecular weight of 6–8 kDa.

Jeoh T., Wong D.E., Strobel S.A., Hudnall K., Pereira N.R., Williams K.A., Arbaugh B.M., Cunniffe J.C, & Scher H.B. (2021). How alginate properties influence in situ internal gelation in crosslinked alginate microcapsules (CLAMs) formed by spray drying. PLoS ONE, 16(2), e0247171.

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Hydrogel Biomaterial Composition Analysis

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High-viscosity (HV) sodium
alginate (Hydagen 558P) and sodium hyaluronate/hyaluronan (36 kDa)
were provided by BASF SE. Calcium phosphate, succinic acid, sodium
citrate, glacial acetic acid, sodium carbonate, β-d-glucose, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, calcium carbonate,
sodium citrate, phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate), sodium tetraborate,
sulfuric acid, and ammonium hydroxide were purchased from Thermo Fisher.
Schiff’s fuchsin sulfite reagent, sodium metabisulfate, periodic
acid, calcium chloride, citric acid, low-viscosity (LV) sodium alginate
from brown algae (catalog #A1112), and carbazole were purchased from
Millipore Sigma. Ethanol (200 proof) was purchased from Koptek. Carbon
tape and microscopy stands were purchased from Ted Pella. Ultrapure
deionized water was sourced from a MilliQ 85/15 system (Millipore
Sigma).

Wong D.E., Cunniffe J.C., Scher H.B, & Jeoh T. (2020). Chelator Regulation of In Situ Calcium Availability to Enable Spray-Dry Microencapsulation in Cross-Linked Alginates. ACS Omega, 5(38), 24453-24460.

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Comprehensive Protein Quantification Protocol

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Bromocresol green, citric acid, Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) (G-250), copper sulfate, Folin-Ciocalteau (FC) reagent, O-phosphoric acid, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium potassium tartrate, succinic acid, and tri-sodium citrate were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific India Pvt. Ltd., India. Bicinchoninic acid and tetrabromophenol blue were purchased from Carbosynth Limited, Compton, Berkshire, UK. Sodium bicarbonate was purchased from NICE Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., India. Ethanol (>99%) was purchased from Changshu Jangyuan Chemical, China. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) – Fraction V, purchased from Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., India, was used as standard protein throughout the research. Reagent grade triple deionized distilled water was purchased from Marech Pvt. Ltd., Lalitpur, Nepal. Whatman No. 1 filter paper was purchased from Whatman International Ltd, Maidstone, England, and glass microfiber filter was purchased from VWR International, Pennsylvania, USA. Epoch™ microplate spectrophotometer (Biotek instruments, Inc., USA) was used for spectrophotometric determination of proteins in serum and urine samples.

Pokhrel P., Jha S, & Giri B. (2020). Selection of appropriate protein assay method for a paper microfluidics platform. Practical Laboratory Medicine, 21, e00166.

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