Sonos4500

Echocardiography is a non-invasive method used for the assessment of left ventricular function. Rats were lightly anesthetized (2% Isoflurane with oxygen, via inhalation), then the chest was shaved and they were placed in a supine position. After echocardiography transmission gel was applied, an echocardiography probe (S12, Hewlett Packard) which was connected to an echocardiograph (SONOS4500, Philips), was used for collecting the data from the heart. Signals from M-mode echocardiography at the papillary muscle level were recorded. Parameters obtained from echocardiography were: 1) RVDd = right ventricular dimension during diastole; (2) IVSs,d = systolic and diastolic interventricular septum; (3) LVIDs,d = systolic and diastolic left ventricular internal dimension; and (4) LVPWs,d = left ventricular posterior wall thickness during systole and diastole. Fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated by the following formula; %FS = ((LVIDd − LVIDs)/LVIDd)*100, and % EF = ((LVEDV − LVESV)/LVEDV)*10051 . After investigation, animals were allowed to fully recover and then returned to the cages.

Prior to the I/R protocol, left ventricular function was assessed using an echocardiograph (SONOS4500, Philips). The chest area was shaved and rats were stabilized in a supine position. The probe was gently placed on the chest and moved to enable the collecting of data along the short and long axes of the heart. Signals from M-mode echocardiography at the level of the papillary muscles were recorded. Parameters obtained from the echocardiogram including left ventricular internal dimensions during systole (LVIDs) and diastole (LVIDd), and left ventricular posterior wall thickness during systole (LVPWs) and diastole (LVPWd) were recorded. Fractional shortening (FS) was calculated using the formula: %FS = (LVIDd—LVIDs) x 100 / LVIDd.
At the end of the experiment, left ventricular pressure during I/R injury was evaluated using an intravascular pressure catheter. The right carotid artery was canulated and the pressure in the LV chamber was recorded using a LabScribe2 program (iWorx Systems Inc., Dover, NH, USA) [23 (link), 28 (link)]. Heart rate (HR), left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were assessed prior to the occlusion of the LAD, at the end of ischemic period and at the end of reperfusion period.

Echocardiography was performed on conscious mice using an ultrasonography equipped with a 15-MHz linear transducer (SONOS-4500, Philips Medical Systems). An M-mode echocardiogram of the midventricle was recorded at the level of the papillary muscles in the two-dimensional parasternal short-axis view. The following parameters were obtained to assess LV size and function: heart rate (HR), end-diastolic interventricular septal and LV posterior wall thickness (IVSd and LVPWd), end-diastolic and end-systolic internal dimensions of LV (LVDd and LVDs) and fractional shortening of LV dimension (FS) and LV mass. FS and LV mass were calculated as 100 $\times$ (LVDd—LVDs)/LVDd and 1.05 $\times$ [(LVDd + IVSd + LVPWd)^{3 (link)}—(LVDd)^{3 (link)}], respectively.
The 8‒11-week-old male mice underwent TAC surgery using 26-gauge needles^{22 (link)}. Non-invasive measurements of blood pressure were performed on mice anaesthetized with 2.5% avertin using a blood pressure monitor for mice (Model MK-2000, Muromachi Kikai), according to the manufacturer’s instructions as previously described^{22 (link)}.