Mylab 30cv ultrasound system

To inspect the cardiac function, echocardiography and haemodynamic monitoring were analysed 4 weeks after AB surgery, as described previously^{44 (link)}. Mice were anaesthetized by 1.5% isoflurane, while the inhalational flow was adjusted to maintain their heart rate at 450–550 beats/min. Transthoracic ultrasonography was performed with a MyLab 30CV ultrasound system (Biosound Esaote, Florence, Italy). The left ventricle (LV) was assessed by M-mode scanning in both parasternal long- and short-axis views at the mid-papillary muscle level. LV internal dimensions and chamber wall thickness at diastole and systole were measured respectively. Invasive haemodynamic monitoring was implemented with a microtip catheter transducer (SPR-839, Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA), which was inserted into the right carotid artery and proceeded into the LV. Pressure signals and volume signals were continuously recorded with a Millar Pressure-Volume System (MPVS-400, Millar Instruments) coupled with a Powerlab/4SP A/D converter and then stored and displayed. The data were processed using PVAN data analysis software.

A Mylab 30CV ultrasound system (Esaote S.P.A., Genoa, Italy) and a 10-MHz linear array ultrasound transducer were used to assess the cardiac function of the mice, which were anesthetized with continuous 1.5–2% isoflurane inhalation. Cardiac parameters were assessed by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. The following parameters were collected: left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), LV end-systolic diameter (LVESd), and LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd).

Four weeks after implantation with osmotic mini pumps, mice were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane, and the structure and function of the left ventricle (LV), including the heart rate (HR), LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD), LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), LV posterior wall thickness (LVPWD), end-diastolic ventricular septal thickness (IVSD), ejection fraction (EF), and fractional shortening (FS), were measured by the MyLab™ 30CV ultrasound system (Esaote SpA, Genoa, Italy) equipped with a 10 MHz linear array ultrasound transducer.

Both echocardiography and hemodynamics were used to evaluate the cardiac function of each mouse. After the mice were IP injected with LPS or saline for 6 hours, they were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane and then placed flat on the operating table. Echocardiography with a 10-MHz linear array ultrasound transducer that included a MyLab 30CV ultrasound system (Esaote SpA, Italy) was used to obtain information on the left ventricle end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricle end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), and fractional shortening (FS). Then, a microtip catheter transducer (Millar, Inc., USA) was inserted into the left ventricle via the right carotid artery, and the maximal slope values of the systolic pressure increment (+dp/dt) and diastolic pressure decrement (−dp/dt) were recorded using a Millar PressureVolume system (Millar, Inc.).

After 6 hours of CLP or sham operation, the mice were anesthetized as described above and placed flat on the operating table. A MyLab™30CV ultrasound system (Esaote SpA, Genoa, Italy) consisting of a 10 MHz linear array ultrasonic transducer was used to collect data related to left ventricular (LV) structure and function, including LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD), LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), ejection fraction (EF), and fractional shortening (FS). A Millar Pressure Volume system containing a microtip catheter transducer (Millar, Inc.) was used to collect the LV signals. The microtip catheter transducer was inserted into the left ventricle via the right carotid artery, and information on the maximal slope of the systolic pressure increment (+dp/dt max) and diastolic pressure decrement (-dp/dt max) were recorded on a beat-by-beat basis.