Medical scales

Body height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using Martin’s metal anthropometer (GMP Anthropological Instruments, Zurich, Switzerland). Body mass was measured to the nearest 0.05 kg using medical scales (A&D Instruments Ltd., Abingdon, UK). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as a ratio of body mass to the height squared (kg/m²). Body composition and bone mineral parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using the DPX-IQ densitometer (Lunar Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) equipped with proprietary software, version 3.6. Participants were scanned in light clothing while lying flat on their backs with arms at their sides. Whole body FM (in % and kg) and LBM (in kg) were measured, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass as a surrogate marker of muscle mass was calculated as the sum of the lean soft tissue masses in the arms and legs in kg [27 (link),28 (link)]. In addition, femoral neck (FN) aBMD (in g/cm²) and FN BMC (in g) were measured to describe cortical bone, and lumbar spine (LS; L2-L4) aBMD (in g/cm²) and LS BMC (in g) were measured to describe trabecular bone [4 (link)]. All DXA measurements and results were evaluated by the same examiner. The precision of measurement expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 2% for all body composition and bone mineral measurements [27 (link)].

Body height (cm) was measured using Martin’s metal anthropometer to the nearest 0.1 cm. Body mass (kg) was measured to the nearest 0.05 kg using medical scales (A&D Instruments, Abingdon, UK). Body height and body mass data were used to calculate body mass index (BMI; kg/m²).

Body height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using Martin’s metal anthropometer according to the standard technique (GMP Anthropological Instruments, Zurich, Switzerland). Body mass was measured to the nearest 0.05 kg using medical scales (A&D Instruments Ltd., Abington, UK). Body mass index (BMI; kg/m²) was calculated as body mass (kg) divided by height squared (m²). In addition, DXA (Hologic QDR Series, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to measure total body fat mass (FM), total body fat-free mass (FFM), and trunk FM at the follow-up measurement occasion. The coefficients of variation for these body composition variables were less than 2%. The standard subject positioning was used for total body measurements, and participants were scanned in light clothing while lying flat on the back, with arms at the sides [25 (link)]. As the significance of the BMI is not clear as body mass is composed of two distinct components (i.e., FFM and FM), FFM index (FFMI; kg/m²) and FM index (FMI; kg/m²) were also calculated [16 (link),17 (link),24 (link)]. In addition, trunk fat mass index (TFMI; kg/m²) was calculated as trunk FM divided by height squared, and was used as an indicator of body fat distribution [32 (link)].