Amos 17

Data were entered and managed using EpiData 3.0 (EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark). Continuous variables are expressed as means ± standard deviations, and were analysed using Student’s t-test. Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages and were analysed using the chi-squared test. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Reliability and validity were tested using Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The goodness-of-fit indices used were the chi-squared test, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and the comparative fit index (CFI). Reliability measured as internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, which was judged as sufficient when ≥0.70.^{22 ,23 (link)} CFA was used to assess construct validity using Amos 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). For model judgment, a chi-squared test result of P > 0.05 indicated that the covariance matrix of the data matched the covariance matrix of the model. A root mean square residual <0.05 indicated that the sample variance and covariance differed from their estimates under the assumption that the model was correct. A RMSEA <0.05 indicated fair agreement and RMSEA <0.08 indicated moderate agreement. A goodness-of-fit index >0.90 indicated fair agreement. An adjusted goodness-of-fit >0.90 also indicated fair agreement.