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4 protocols using indium tin oxide

1

Electrochemical Biosensor Fabrication

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The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were used without further purification: glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger (128.2 U∙mg−1 solid), laccase from Trametes versicolor (12.9 U∙mg−1 solid), N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS; 98%), N-ethyl-N’(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC; 98%), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs; carboxylic acid-functionalized), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4, 98%), D-(+)-glucose, ferrocenemethanol (FcCH2OH), and indium tin oxide (ITO) glass (15 Ω.sq−1). Uric acid (99%), L-(+)-ascorbic acid (99+%), and 4-acetamidophenol (98%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar, South Korea. The aqueous solutions were prepared in deionized (DI) water. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS; Sylgard 184, Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA) was mixed in a 10:1 ratio of base and curing agent. All analytical experiments were performed in a sodium phosphate buffer prepared with 50 mM NaH2PO4 and 50 mM Na2HPO4; the pH was adjusted by their proper mixing.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles

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The following chemicals were all sourced from Sigma Aldrich and used without modification or purification unless stated otherwise: trisodium citrate dihydrate (Na3C6H5O7), chloroauric acid (HAuCl4·3H2O), l-ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), silver nitrate (AgNO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 11-mercaproundecanoic acid (C11H22O2S), methylene blue (C16H18ClN3S), pyridine anhydrous (C5H5N), 4,4′-bipyridine (C10H8N2), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) ∼10 000 MW, and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass slides (surface resistivity of 30–60 Ω, 1-inch square). Poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) ∼8500 MW was sourced from Polysciences Europe. All glassware and PTFE-coated stirrer bars used for nanoparticle synthesis experiments were soaked for at least 2 hours in aqua regia before being rinsed with water several times. Millipore MilliQ purified water was used in all experiments.
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3

Preparation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

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GUVs made of SM/DOPC (1:1) were prepared by the electroswelling technique as described previously (33 (link)). A volume of 30 μl of 1 mg/ml lipids dissolved in chloroform/methanol (3:1) was deposited in two glass plates coated with indium tin oxide (70–100 ohm resistivity, Sigma) and placed in the desiccators for at least 120 min for complete solvent evaporation. A U-shaped rubber piece of ∼1-mm thickness was sandwiched between the two indium tin oxide side slides. This chamber was filled with ∼400 μl of 200 mm sucrose and was exposed to 1.2 V AC current (12 Hz sinusoidal for 2 h, 5 Hz squared for 10 min). The resulting suspension was collected in a vial and used within several days.
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4

Organic Synthesis Reagents Protocol

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Dichloromethane (DCM, 99.9%), isopropyl magnesium chloride lithium chloride complex (iPrMgCl·LiCl, 1.3 M in THF), trimethyl tin chloride (1 M in Hexane, 25 wt.%), acetone and deuterated chloroform (dCDCl3) were purchased from Acros Organics (Branchburg, NJ, USA). Hexane, methanol, toluene, hydrochloric acid (HCl), chloroform, acetonitrile and ethyl acetate were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Branchburg, NJ, USA). Ferrocene, tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et4NBF4) and diethyl ether were obtained from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). Anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF), n-Butyllithium solution (n-BuLi, 2.5 M in Hexane), Benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-4,8-dione, tin(ll) chloride dihydrate, anhydrous sodium sulfate (>99%), indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate, 1,3-Bis(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H,8H-benzo [1,2-c:4,5-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione (BDD, 97%), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (Pd(PPh3)4) and Y6 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, NJ, USA). Triethyl germanium chloride and 2-iodothiophene were obtained from TCI (Boston, MA, USA). Ethanol was obtained from EMD (Burlington, NJ, USA). Isopropyl alcohol was purchased from VWR (Missouri City, TX, USA). All materials were used as received without further purification.
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