Caco2

The Balb/c mouse colon cancer cell line CT26 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). The human colon cancer cell lines DLD1, SW480, HCT116, KM12C, Lovo, HT29, WiDr, and Caco2 were obtained from the Health Science Research Resources Bank (Osaka, Japan), and KM12SM was kindly gifted by Dr. Isaiah J. Fidler (University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA). Balb/c mouse-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were obtained from Cyagen Biosciences Inc. (Tokyo, Japan).

Human colon cancer cell lines (CACO2, HT29, LOVO, SW620, and SW480) and normal colon cell line NCM460 were purchased from Health Science Research Resources Bank. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37% and 5% CO₂. ShRNA against negative control (sh-NC), shRNA against circCTNNA1 (sh-circ), pcDNA-based circCTNNA1 overexpression vector (circCTNNA1), pcDNA vector, miR-149-5p mimic, negative control mimic (NC mimic), miR-149-5p inhibitor, and negative control inhibitor (NC inhibitor) were synthesized by GenePharma (Shanghai, China) and transfected with Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, USA).