Standard biochemical kits

Venous blood samples were collected after 10–12 h of overnight fasting. Enzymatic colorimetric method was used to measure the levels of fasting blood glucose. Serum levels of Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were calculated by the use of enzymatic assays and standard biochemical kits (Pars Azmun Co., Iran). Between- and within-run coefficient of variations were less than 6.2%. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated by modified version of Friedewald equation (20 (link)). ECLIA method and Roche Diagnostics kits (Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer) were used to measure serum insulin. HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) was calculated by the following equation: [fastinginsulin(μU/mL)×fastingglucose(mmol/L)]/22.5 (21 (link)). QUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) was computed as 1/[log(fastinginsulin[cpsbreak]inμU/mL)+log (fastingglucoseinmg/dL)] (22 (link)). TyG (Triglyceride and glucose) index was determined as Ln[TG(mg/dL)×fasting[cpsbreak]glucose(mg/dL)/2] (23 (link)).

The nutrient content of BM samples was also assessed using standard biochemical kits (Pars Azmoon, Tehran, Iran) for the total levels of protein, calcium, and triglyceride. All photometric analyses were performed at 37 °C using a plate reader (EpochTM, BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA). To evaluate all absorbance information, monochromatic readings were taken [36 (link)].

Patients were visited after an overnight fasting of 10–14 hours. Past medical history of patients was assessed. Patients’ sera were collected at the end of the experimental period to analysis biochemical parameters. Biochemical measurements of serum glucose, lipids, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were performed. Glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method kit (Pars Azmoon, Tehran, Iran). Serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured using standard biochemical kits (Pars Azmoon, Tehran, IR Iran). Blood glycated hemoglobin levels were measured by using Elisa kit (Bioassay technology laboratory, Elisa kit).