Ags x 500n

The mechanical properties were determined using a universal testing machine (Shimadzu AGS-X 500 N) at room temperature with a cross-head speed of 10 mm/min and an initial distance between clamps (L0) of 25 mm. This method was based on the ASTM D638 standard. Tensile modulus (E), tensile strength (σ_b), and elongation at break (ε_b) were calculated from the stress–strain curves. Yarns specimens (n = 5) of 40 mm in length were tested.

For the SBS tests, the bonded samples were fixed to a universal testing apparatus (AGS-X 500N; Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The bonded samples were secured in the testing apparatus, and the shearing blade was positioned 1 mm above and parallel to the junction between the resin-matrix hybrid material and the resin composite (Figure 4). The shear load was applied at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed until failure. The SBS values (MPa) were computed by dividing the failure load by the interface of the bonded surface area [26 ,27 ].

Powder XRD patterns of the as‐synthesized SAOCD were carried out on an XRD‐6100 (Shimadzu. Japan) X‐ray diffractometer with CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å). The morphology and element distribution of the samples were obtained by SEM (FEI Quanta 650 FEG) with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscope fittings (EDAX ELEMENT). The TL curves were measured using a microcomputer thermoluminescence spectrometer (FJ427A1, Beijing Nuclear Instrument Factory) at a heating rate of 1 Κ s⁻¹. ML signals were collected in situ from a homemade tensile testing machine using a high‐throughput optical fiber. The ML spectra were recorded by a fluorescence spectrophotometer (Omni‐λ300i, Zolix Instruments Co., Ltd.) equipped with a CCD camera (iVac‐316, Edmund Optics Ltd.). The stress‐strain curve of SAOCD/PDMS elastomer was applied by a universal testing machine (Shimadzu AGS‐X‐500 N). The triboelectric potential was collected by using the electrostatic measuring probe (SK050, KEYENCE (Japan) Co., Ltd.) at a distance of 10 mm. The CL spectrum of SAOCD was detected on the modified Mp‐Micro‐S instrument attached to the SEM. High‐temperature environments were provided by the heating table (JF‐956A). All optical photos were taken by a digital camera (Canon EOS 77D).

Tensile tests of the neat PHBV3 and the multilayer systems were carried out in a universal testing machine (Shimadzu AGS-X 500N, Kyoto, Japan) at a crosshead rate of 10 mm/min at room temperature. All samples were allowed to reach the equilibrium under ambient conditions (25 °C and 50% R.H. for 24 h before the testing). Tests were performed according to ASTM D638 with dumb-bell samples die-cut from prepared films. Elastic Modulus (E), Tensile Strength (TS), and Elongation at Break (EAB) were determined from the stress-strain curves, estimated from force–distance data obtained for the different films.

A template (Ultradent product, Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) with a height of 2 mm and a diameter of 2 mm was fitted to the zirconia surface by aligning the hole of the template to the hole of the one-sided tape; the resin composite (SimpliShade universal nanohybrid universal restorative composite, Kerr Corporation, USA) was then pushed into the template until full (Table 1). The template and one-sided tape were removed after the resin composite had been light-cured for 40 s in a perpendicular position and as near the template as possible. The specimens were light cured for another 40 s perpendicular to the resin composite on each side, rotating a full 360 degrees. The sample was submerged in distilled water for 24 h at 37 °C.
A universal testing device (AGS-X 500N, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) was used to evaluate the shear bond strength of the specimens. The shearing blade was positioned parallel to the intersection of the zirconia and resin composite. A shear pressure of 0.5 mm per min was set until fracture occurred (Figure 1). The shear bond strength in MPa was calculated by the maximum shear bond strength divided by the surface region of the bonding interface.

The adhesion capacity of the electrospun PHBV layer was assessed by a T-peel test according to ISO 11339:2010. To this end, the multilayer structure was assembled by sandwiching an electrospun PHBV interlayer in between two cast-extruded PHB films (200 mm × 150 mm) according to the sample geometry shown in Figure 2. Prior to the annealing step, a 150 mm × 50 mm Teflon film was inserted along the edge of the PHB sheets in order to prevent adhesion in the grip zone of the specimens (see zone 1 in Figure 2). Adhesion tests consisted on measuring the force required to peel the two PHB sheets adhered by the electrospun PHBV interlayer by means of a uniaxial tensile test in a universal testing machine (Shimadzu AGS-X 500 N, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) at room temperature with a cross-head speed of 10 mm/min.