We measured each subject’s height, weight, and the distance from the sternal notch to 1) the ear lobe, 2) the index finger, with the arm abducted at 90 degrees, 3) the big toe. A standard 3 lead ECG (Bio Amp FE132, ADInstruments, Australia) was placed for continuous monitoring of electrical cardiac activity. Plethysmography sensors (MLT1020EC IR Plethysmograph (ear) and MLT1020PPG IR Plethysmograph (finger and toe), Ad Instrument, Australia) were placed on the left ear lobe, left index finger, and left big toe. We simultaneously recorded lead II of the ECG along with the plethysmograph signals for 30 seconds, in each the standing, sitting and supine position. The ECG and plethysmograph sensors were then removed from the subjects and a blood pressure cuff applied on the right upper arm to record systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure (SBP, DBP, MAP) in the standing, sitting and supine position respectively. The ECG and plethysmograph signals were simultaneously converted digitally at 1 kHz (PowerLab4/26, ADInsruments, Australia) and recorded in the LabChart software (LabChart 8, Ad Instruments, Australia).
Bioamp fe132
Manufactured by ADInstruments
Sourced in Australia
The BioAmp FE132 is a high-performance bioelectric signal amplifier designed for laboratory use. It provides amplification and conditioning of low-level biopotential signals such as electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), and electroencephalograms (EEG). The BioAmp FE132 features low noise, high common-mode rejection, and configurable gain and filtering options to accommodate a variety of signal requirements.
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6 protocols using bioamp fe132
1
Multimodal Cardiovascular Monitoring Protocol
2
Electrocardiographic Signal Acquisition
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The electrocardiographic signal was recorded through a BioAmp FE132 device (ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia), with electrodes placed in the MC5 lead configuration. Signals were recorded during the conditions shown in the following sections.
3
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Protocol
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On the second day in the laboratory, volunteers performed the CPET on a cycle ergometer (Quinton Corival® 400, Seattle, USA) with a ramp-type protocol to assess the CF. The power increment was calculated using the formula described by Wasserman, considering height, age, and sex [14 ]. The test consisted of: (1) five minutes at rest, (2) three minutes unloaded warm-up, (3) 9.6±1.4 minutes ramp protocol (with 20.7±7.1 watts per minute increment), and (4) six minutes unloaded cycling for active recovery. All volunteers were encouraged to keep a constant cycling of 60 to 65 rpm and were stimulated to continue the CPET until volitional fatigue. The oxygen uptake and minute ventilation were measured breath-by-breath by a metabolic system (Vmax29c, Sensor Medics, Yorba Linda, CA, USA) calibrated before each experiment, according to the manufacturer’s manual. Moreover, heart rate (HR) was calculated during the exercise based on a single lead ECG system (BioAmp FE132, ADInstruments, Australia).
The interruption criteria were according to previous work [16 (link)], and just one volunteer had the CPET interrupted due to the unexpected (excessively high) increase in arterial pressure. One volunteer was also excluded from this study due to oxygen desaturation on resting immediately before the CPET.
The interruption criteria were according to previous work [16 (link)], and just one volunteer had the CPET interrupted due to the unexpected (excessively high) increase in arterial pressure. One volunteer was also excluded from this study due to oxygen desaturation on resting immediately before the CPET.
4
Cardiovascular Response Evaluation Protocol
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The acquisition of the ECG and AP signals to evaluate the cardiovascular responses will be performed at a sampling frequency of 1.000 Hz. The ECG signals will be captured by means of the CM5 lead. The HR will be recorded and stored beat-to-beat. Electrocardiographic signals will be captured and processed via an interface between a bioamplifier for ECG signals (BioAmp FE132, ADInstruments, Australia) and a biological signal acquisition system (Power Lab 8/35, ADInstruments, Australia) and a microcomputer (Intel I5).
On the other hand, pulse pressure will be captured using Finometer Pro® (Finapres Medical Systems, The Netherlands), which allows non-invasive measurements of pulse arterial pressure (FinAP), beat-to-beat, obtained by positioning a cuff on the third phalanx of the third finger of the left hand. The equipment will be calibrated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In addition to pulse AP, the values of CO, SV and PVR, derived from the AP curves and analyzed using Beat Scope® Easy software (Finapress Medical Systems, The Netherlands) will be evaluated.
On the other hand, pulse pressure will be captured using Finometer Pro® (Finapres Medical Systems, The Netherlands), which allows non-invasive measurements of pulse arterial pressure (FinAP), beat-to-beat, obtained by positioning a cuff on the third phalanx of the third finger of the left hand. The equipment will be calibrated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In addition to pulse AP, the values of CO, SV and PVR, derived from the AP curves and analyzed using Beat Scope® Easy software (Finapress Medical Systems, The Netherlands) will be evaluated.
5
Measuring Cardiorespiratory Responses
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During the exercise protocols, the 𝑎𝑎𝑉𝑉 ̇𝑂𝑂2 and 𝑉𝑉 ̇𝐸𝐸 were measured breath-by-breath by a metabolic system (Vmax29c, Sensor Medics, Yorba Linda, CA, USA) calibrated before each experiment. Heart rate (𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) was computed during the exercise based on an ECG system (BioAmp FE132, ADInstruments, Australia).
6
Cardiovascular Control Assessment with IMT
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The overall duration of the study was 13 weeks. Evaluation of cardiovascular control markers were carried out during the first and thirteenth weeks, just before and after IMT being the PRE and POST conditions respectively. For cardiovascular control assessment we acquired the ECG (lead MC5) via a bioamplifier (BioAmp FE132, ADInstruments, Australia), non-invasive continuous finger arterial pressure (Finometer Pro, Finapres Medical Systems, Netherlands) and respiratory movement (RM) through a thoracic belt (Marazza, Monza, Italy). Signals were sampled at 1000 Hz (Power Lab 8/35, ADInstruments, Australia). Recording sessions were carried out at the Cardiovascular Physical Therapy Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil according to standardized criteria minimizing individual and environmental factors that might increase the variance of cardiovascular control markers (Milan-Mattos et al., 2018 (link)). Subjects were initially maintained at REST for 10 min to stabilize the cardiovascular variables. After this period, signals were recorded for 15 min at REST. Then, the subject was asked to change posture and signals were acquired for additional 15 min during STAND. STAND session followed always REST. Throughout the procedure, subjects were instructed to breathe spontaneously and were not allowed to talk.
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