2 4 6 tripyridyl s triazine

Trolox, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (UK); Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) and gallic acid (98%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Standards of C3S (96%), C3G (96%), and P3G (96%) were purchased from ExtraSynthese Ltd. (Genay, France). Other chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade and bought from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK).

The materials consisted of culture media, bacterial and fungal strains, commercial antibiotics as well as analytical grade reagents. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Mueller–Hinton broth were purchased from Kasvi (Kasvi, São José dos Pinhais, Brazil). Sabouraud broth and yeast extract were supplied by Himedia (Himedia, Thane, India). Microorganisms’ strains were acquired from Cefar (Cefar Diagnóstica, Jardim Taquaral, Brazil). Levofloxacin, terbinafine and chloramphenicol were obtained from EMS (EMS pharma, Hortolândia, Brazil). Dextrose, methanol, ethyl acetate, FeCl₃, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazoic chloride (TTC) and Folin–Ciocalteu solution were purchased from Dinâmica (Dinâmica, Indaiatuba, Brazil). Resazurin, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), quercetin, ascorbic acid, Trolox and gallic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). 2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) was supplied by Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).

Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), potassium-ferricyanide, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), sodium nitrite, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, trichloroacetic acid, trisodium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, ascorbic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO1%), phosphate-buffered solution, bovine serum albumin (BSA), acetate buffer (pH=3.6), (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine) (TPTZ), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were procured from Merck industry (Germany). Ferric-chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃-6H₂O), H₂SO₄, anthrone, vanillin, aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃), 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) Sabouraud Dextrose agar, and broth culture medium (SDA, SDB) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (United States of America,). Fluconazole (Diflucan 150 mg) was obtained from Pfizer (Morocco), vanillic acid, epicatechin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, hesperidin, cinnamic acid, rutin, apigenin, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, naringin, and kaempferol was purchased from Abcam, United Kingdom. All chemicals were of analytical grade.

l-Fucose, ascorbic acid, d-glucose, phenol, gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (2 M), citric acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate, ferric chloride, sodium phosphate dibasic, methanol, triton™ X-100, sulfuric acid (95%–97%), l-cysteine, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (trolox) were purchased from SIGMA (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Ultrapure water was used in all the extraction procedures and chemical analyses.

The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St.Louis, MO, USA): 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), 4,4′-dithiodipyridine, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and adrenalin. All other reagents of analytical purity were obtained from POCH S.A. (Gliwice, Poland).

AL leaves were purchased from Jirisan Starmaru (Sancheong, Korea). Lutein powder (40%) was received as a present from the Novarex Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), aluminium (III) chloride (AlCl₃), and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) were acquired from Junsei Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). All-trans-retinal, triton X-100, ethanolamine, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS tablets, ABTS buffer, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ), quercetin, potassium persulfate, iron(III) chloride (FeCl₃), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), chloroform, and Folin-Ciocalteau reagent were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol (EtOH) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile, and water were procured from JT BAKER Chemical Co., (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and sodium acetate were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). 1N Hydrochloric acid was obtained from DAESUNG Co, Ltd. (Siheng, Korea). Polyclonal anti-cleaved-caspase-3, anti-caspase-3, anti-Bcl-2, and anti-Bax antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). A stock solution of lutein was prepared at a concentration of 10 mM in DMSO. DMSO in the culture media was less than 0.1%.