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75 protocols using sulpiride

1

Dopamine Receptor Antagonist Sulpiride Administration

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(S)-(-)-Sulpiride (Sulpiride) (Sigma Aldrich, UK) is a relative selective D2/3 dopamine receptor antagonist (Kohli and Cripe, 1979 (link); Pauwels et al., 1993 (link); Ago et al., 2005 ). It was prepared in two different concentrations, 3.75 μg/μl and 2.5 μg/μl. The drug was dissolved in 4000 μl of 0.1M HCl in saline. Solution was neutralised by slow addition of 1M NaOH until pH reached 7. Stock solution was diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) until a concentration of 10 μg/μl was achieved (a target volume of 10000 μl). Stock solution was filtered, aliquoted and stored at −20° C for a maximum of 2 weeks. Stock solution aliquot was thawed, diluted with pbs and filtered to desired concentration (3.75 or 2.5 μg/μl) before infusion. Vehicle was treated in an identical fashion but sans drug.
Sulpiride (and corresponding vehicle) was infused at a rate of 0.5 μl/min over 1 minute. A 10 minute pre-treatment period was allowed before animals were tested. All animals treated with Sulpiride were treated with both doses of drug and the vehicle.
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2

Bilateral Sulpiride Microinjection Dose Effects

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The D2R antagonist sulpiride (Sigma-Aldrich Co.: (S)-(−)-sulpiride, S7771) was bilaterally microinjected in three different doses: 0.1 μg, 1.0 μg, and 4.0 μg per side in 0.4 μl volume (0.73 mM, 7.32 mM, 29.29 mM, respectively). Controls received vehicle (0.4 μl). Thus, we had the 0.1D2anta, 1.0D2anta, 4.0D2anta and the control groups, respectively. sulpiride was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl, and after the addition of phosphate buffer it was titrated with 0.1 N NaOH. Control animals received vehicle (veh.) in equal volume to that used for the drug injections. The solutions were kept at + 4 °C before their applications. All the mentioned doses are meant to be the dose per side values. Stainless steel microinjection tubes extended 0.5 mm below the tips of the implanted guide cannulae. The delivery cannula was attached to a 10 µl Hamilton microsyringe (Hamilton Co., Bonaduz, Switzerland) via polyethylene tubing (PE-10). All injections were delivered by a syringe pump in the volume of 0.4 µl (Cole Parmer, IITC, Life Sci. Instruments, California) over a 60 s interval. After accomplishing the microinjection, the cannulae were left in place for 60 s to allow diffusion into the surrounding tissue. Rats were gently held by hand during the injection procedure.
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3

Dopaminergic Regulation of Th17 Cell Function

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To evaluate the function of Th17-cells, CD4+ T-cells were isolated and activated by anti-CD3/CD28-microbeads as previously described [17 (link)].
To assess the effect of dopamine on the function of Th17-cells, samples of CD4+ T-cells were cultured in the presence of dopamine (Sigma, USA) at a concentration of 10–5 M [9 (link)] for 15 min. whereafter anti-CD3/CD28-microbeads were added to the cultures.
To study the involvement of dopaminergic receptors in dopamine-mediated modulation of cytokine production, some samples of CD4+ T-cells were pre-incubated with antagonists of D1- or D2-like dopaminergic receptors (SCH23390 and sulpiride respectively) (both from Sigma, USA) at a concentration of 10–5 M [9 (link)] for 15 min, whereafter dopamine (at 10–5 M) was added to the cultures and stimulation was proceeded.
To study the direct effect of blockading or activation of the dopaminergic receptor, CD4+ T-cells were pre-incubated in the presence of D1- or D2-like receptors antagonists (SCH23390 and sulpiride respectively [at 10–5 M]) or D2-like receptor agonist (quinpirole [at 10–7 M] Tocris, Switzerland) and activated by anti-CD3/CD28-microbeads [18 (link)].
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4

Pharmacological Reagents for Neuroscience

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LY379196 was a generous gift from Eli Lilly (Indianapolis, Indiana). Enzastaurin was purchased from LC Labs (Woburn, MA). [3H]-sulpiride was from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA). Complete Mini protease inhibitor was purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN). All other chemicals, including 4-aminopyridine, quinpirole, sulpiride, and butaclamol, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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5

Optimized Reagent Procurement for Research

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Dopamine hydrochloride (#H-8502), S-(-)3-PPP (#P-103), Terguride (#T-134), angiotensin II (#A9525), and buprenorphine hydrochloride (#B9275) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; sulpiride (#0895), quinpirole (#1061), bromocriptine (#0427), olmesartan (#4616), Dynorphin B (#3196), naloxone hydrochloride (#0599), WN552122 (#1038), and rimonabant hydrochloride (#0923) from Tocris; DAMGO (#024-10) from Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, and rapamycin (#tlrl-rap) from Invivogen and morphine sulfate (#M1167) from Spectrum Chemicals.
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6

Preparation of Neuropharmacological Compounds

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Drugs were prepared in a stock solution of water or DMSO and diluted to their final concentration in ACSF. The final concentration of DMSO was <0.1%. β-Cyclodextrin (final concentration <0.001%; TCI America) was used as a carrier for AM251 delivery. (−)-Quinpirole hydrochloride, (RS)-3,5-DHPG, DHβE, VU 0255035, NPEC-caged dopamine, and AM251 were purchased from Tocris Bioscience. (±)-Sulpiride and picrotoxin were purchased from Sigma.
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7

Antidepressant Activity of Apigenin

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“Beijing Mesochem Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China)” provided apigenin (purity: 98.20 percent by HPLC). The rest of the chemicals required for this investigation were obtained from well-known suppliers, and the labels were recorded for future use. Ondansetron hydrochloride, p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, α-methyl-para-tyrosine methyl ester (AMPT), R(+)-SCH-23390 hydrochloride, sulpiride, phentolamine hydrochloride, and propranolol were procured from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium chloride (0.9 percent) was used for dissolving all compounds except AMPT, whereas, the solution of AMPT was made in 10% Tween 80. Apigenin (25 and 50 mg/kg was given orally (Redrobe et al., 1998 (link)) three times before the test sessions, at 24, 5, and 1 h (Shoubaky et al., 2016 (link)). The standard antidepressant fluoxetine (30 mg/kg, oral) (Castagné et al., 2011 ) was used to compare antidepressant activities. Except for SCH23390, which was given subcutaneously, all other compounds were given by intraperitoneal route (10 ml/kg).
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8

Neurochemical Compound Preparation

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Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium phosphate monobasic, sodium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, d-glucose, ascorbate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium octylsulfate, acetonitrile, dopamine hydrochloride, and the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist (−)-sulpiride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Ethanol (190 proof) was obtained from McCormick Distilling, Weston, MO. All chemicals were dissolved in the distilled water to desired concentrations.
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9

Fluorescence Imaging of Neural Activity

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Salts were purchased from Sigma. Alexa594 and Fluo5F (Life Technologies), 4-AP (Sigma, pH 7.34), TTX, gabazine, d-AP5, and NBQX (all purchased from Tocris) were prepared from aliquots stored in water. Sulpiride (Sigma) and CGP (Tocris) were dissolved in DMSO.
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10

Enkephalin and Opioid Receptor Pharmacology

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Drugs were applied by bath perfusion. The solution containing [Met5]enkephalin (ME) included the peptidase inhibitors, bestatin hydrochloride (10 μM) and thiorphan (1 μM). ME, [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO), (+)-(5α,7α,8β)-N-Methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]-benzeneacetamide (U69593), naloxone, picrotoxin, SR 95531, dopamine, sulpiride, 4-aminopyridine, DNQX, and tetrodotoxin (TTX) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). MK-801 was purchased from Ascent Scientific (Weston-Super-Mare, UK). CGP55845, N-Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) and quinpirole were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO).
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