Sofalcone

CP-690550 was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). Human oncostatin M (OSM), mouse IL-6 and mouse sIL-6Ra were purchased from R&D systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Ebastine, cetirizine hydorochloride, meloxicam, loxoprofen sodium hydrate, nicardipine hydrochloride, amlodipine besylate, flavoxate hydrochloride, lansoprazole, indometacin and celecoxib were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Sofalcone and benidipine hydrochloride were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan).

Dansyl hydrazine (DH), glyoxal, crotonaldehyde, 2,4-nonadienal (NDE), 2,4-decadienal (DDE), heptadecanal, hexadecanal, irsogladine maleate, octadecanal, pentadecanal, rebamipide, teprenone, tetradecanal and troxipide were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). The NF-κB inhibitor SM-7368 was obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). p-Toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) and the RCs including propanal, pentanal, butanal, 2-hexenal, hexanal, 2-heptenal, heptanal, octanal, 2-nonenal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, dodecanal and tridecanal were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) and 4,5-epoxy-2-decenal (EDE) were purchased from the Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Ecabet sodium hydrate, p-benzyloxybenzaldehyde (p-BOBA), sofalcone and other chemicals used in the current study were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). 8-Heptadecenal (8-HpDE), 8,11-heptadecadienal (8,11-HpDDE) and 8,11,14-heptadecatrienal (8,11,14-HpDTE) were synthesized by a method previously described [26 (link), 27 (link)]. Secosterol-A and -B were synthesized according to the procedure reported by Wentworth et al. [28 (link)]. Stock solutions of the RCs and an internal standard (IS) (p-BOBA, 10 mM) were prepared separately in acetonitrile and stored at −20°C prior to use.