Vevo 3100 high resolution preclinical imaging system

Echocardiography and hemodynamics were performed as we previously described (Zhang et al., 2018 (link), Zhang, Hu, Yuan et al., 2021 (link), Zhang, Hu, Zhang et al., 2021 (link)). Mice were placed on a preheated pad and anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane to provide adequate sedation. Vevo^® 3100 High‐Resolution Preclinical Imaging System (FUJIFILM VisualSonics) was used to record functional parameters. Invasive hemodynamic parameters were collected using a 1.4F Millar catheter transducer (SPR‐839; Millar Instruments) and analyzed by the PVAN data analysis software.

Cardiac contractile function was measured by transthoracic echocardiography in conscious, gently restrained mice at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks post-I/R surgery, using a Vevo® 3100 high-resolution Preclinical Imaging System (FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) equipped with a 30-MHz linear ultrasound transducer (MX 400) as we recently described^{50 (link)}. Briefly, mice were lightly anesthetized by 1.5% isoflurane, and then two-dimensional guided M model images crossing the anterior/posterior wall of the left ventricle were recorded to measure the LVIDd, LVIDs, IVSd, IVSs, and HR from at least five consecutive cardiac cycles. FS was calculated as (LVIDd − LVIDs)/LVIDd.