Chlorogenic acid

Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was obtained from Fisher Corporation (Waltham, MA, USA). Glacial acetic acid was analytical grade and acquired from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangzhou, China). Nitric acid 67% was MOS grade and purchased from Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Standards of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H, coniferyl ferulate, Z-ligustilide, butylphthalide, senkyunolide A, butylidenephthalide, neocnidilide, and levistilide A (purities ≥ 98% by HPLC) were purchased from Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Calibration solutions of 1,000 mg·L⁻¹ of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were all purchased from Agilent Technologies Inc. (USA). Internal standard elements, consisting of 1,000 mg·L⁻¹ of ⁷³Ge, ¹¹⁵In, and ²⁰⁹Bi, were obtained from National Institute of Metrology (China). All experimental solutions were prepared with ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm⁻¹), which was produced by a purification system (Milli-Q Gradient, Millipore, USA).

RAS was collected from Min Country of Gansu Province, China, in November 2020. All of the plant materials were authenticated as A. sinensis (Oliv.) Diels by Professor Zhigang Yang. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were performed to identify the RAS (Liu et al., 2018 ). The PCR results are shown in Supplementary Figure S1. Voucher specimens (No. DG202009001) were stored at the School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University. The weights per RAS for specimens falling into the first to fourth grades were more than 60.0 g, 25.0–60.0 g, 15.0–25.0 g, and 10.0–15.0 g, respectively.
Ferulic acid, ligustilide, senkyunolide I, chlorogenic acid, levistolide A, uridine, adenosine, guanine, and L-tryptophan were purchased from Chengdu Pufeide Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) as reference compounds. Acetonitrile and Methanol were purchased from CNW Technologies GmbH. Formic acid was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Double-distilled water (ddH₂O) was obtained using a laboratory water purifier. APH, CTX, and ATPase were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA) were purchased from Shandong Tailixin Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Finally, aspirin was provided by the CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.