Cyanidin 3 rutinoside

Folin‐Ciocalteu phenol reagent, 2,4,6‐tri(2‐pyridyl)1,3,5‐triazine (TPTZ), potassium chloride, sodium acetate, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), quercetin, gallic acid, L‐glutamine, MTT, AlCl₃, and hydrogen peroxide were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 2,2′‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox), potassium persulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, acetic acid, FeCl₃.6H₂O, HPLC‐grade methanol, and formic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). quercetin‐3‐glucoside (99.14%), kaempferol‐3‐glucoside (99.37%), quercetin‐3‐glucuronide (95.91%), cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (99.21%), cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (98.02%), delphinidin‐3‐glucoside (98.02%), trans‐caffeic acid (99.81%), and 3‐caffeoylquinic acid (98.95%) were from PhytoLab GmbH (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Ultrapure water was obtained using a Barnsted EasyPure water filter (Thermo Scientific, Marietta, OH). Culture medium Ham F‐12, penicillin, streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Invitrogen Corp. Chemicals (Grand Island, NY).

The following reagents and standard substances were used in this work: pelargonidine chloride (95%), cyanidin chloride (95%), naringenin (95%), kaempferol (90%), kaempferol-3-glucoside (95%), eriodictyol (95%), apigenin (95%), rutin (95%), quercetin (95%), quercetin-3-glucoside (98%), catechin (98%), epicatechin (97%), AAPH [2,2’-azinobis-(2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride] (98%), α-tocopherol (97%), Trolox^® (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid) (97%), BHT (98.8%), and fluorescein [disodium 2-(3-oxo-6-oxido-3H-xanthene-9-yl benzoate)], purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cyanidin-3-glucoside (95%), cyanidine-3,5-glucoside (95%), cyanidin-3-rutinoside (99%), delphinidin-3-glucoside (90%), and pelargonidine-3-glucoside (95%) were purchased from PhytoLab GmbH & Co. KG (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Methanol and absolute ethanol (99.9%), formic acid Suprapur (98–100%), potassium biphosphate (99%), hydrochloric acid (37%), acetonitrile or methanol grade LC/MS (≥99.9%) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).