Tannin levels in seeds were measured using a methyl cellulose-precipitable tannin assay [74 (link)]. Seeds from five berries representative of low- and high-SB groups that exhibited maximum differences in seed weight-to-berry weight ratio were selected for the assay. Seeds from each biological replicate were homogenized in liquid nitrogen and approximately 100 mg of fresh tissue were extracted for 1–2 h with 1 mL of 50% ethanol. Two technical replicates for each extracted sample were used. The appropriate volume of the extract to use in 1 mL reaction was determined through a series of dilutions. The reaction contained the seed extract, 0.04% methyl cellulose solution, and a saturated solution of ammonium sulfate, while parallel blank reactions contained no methyl cellulose polymer. Tannins were precipitated by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 10 min and the absorbances of the supernatant for blank and methyl cellulose-containing reactions were measured at 280 nm in glass cuvettes using a Genesis 10S UV–vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, USA). Epicatechin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) solutions at different concentrations were used to establish a calibration curve for reporting tannin concentrations as Epicatechin equivalents.
Epicatechin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, France, China, Spain, United Kingdom, Australia, Switzerland, Belgium, Sao Tome and Principe, India, New Zealand
Epicatechin is a natural compound found in various plants and is commonly used in laboratory settings. It serves as a standard reference material for analytical and research purposes. Epicatechin exhibits antioxidant properties and is often employed in the evaluation of antioxidant activity and the development of analytical methods.
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Lab products found in correlation
Catechin, by Merck Group (388 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (306 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (266 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (214 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (178 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (152 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (147 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Merck Group (131 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (130 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Merck Group (103 mentions)
Syringic acid, by Merck Group (95 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (86 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (81 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (80 mentions)
Epigallocatechin, by Merck Group (80 mentions)
Myricetin, by Merck Group (74 mentions)
Protocatechuic acid, by Merck Group (73 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (72 mentions)
Epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), by Merck Group (68 mentions)
Ellagic acid, by Merck Group (64 mentions)
615 protocols using epicatechin
1
Quantifying Tannin Levels in Berries
2
Analytical Standards for Phenolic Compounds
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A total of 14 phenolic acids and flavonoids standards with a purity more than 98% were purchased from Sigma. These included (+)-catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, spinosin, quercetin, phloridzin, isorhamnetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and jujubosideA. In addition, chromatographic pure methanol, formic acid, and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck.
3
Phenolic Compound Standards for HPLC Analysis
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Phenolic compound standards: gallic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringenin, epicatechin, catechin, hesperetin, resveratrol, quercetin, rutin, ellagic acid, myricetin, kaempferol, luteolin, isorhamnetin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, procyanidin A1, procyanidin A2, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, and corilagin were HPLC grade and purchased from Merck (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile, formic acid, methanol, hexane, and water were HPLC/spectrum grade and purchased from Tedia (Fairfield, OH, USA). All other reagents and solvents used were analytical grade from Merck (St. Louis, MO, USA).
4
Antioxidant Activity Assay Protocol
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α-Amylase from porcine pancreas (EC 3.2.1.1), 2,2’-Azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), 2,2’-diazobis-(2-aminodinopropane)-dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, gallic acid (GA), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
The chromatographic standards: luteolin, luteoilin-4’O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, gallic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, quinic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and apigenin were obtained from Merck (formerly Sigma Aldrich, Arklow, Co., Wicklow, Ireland).
Amyloglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3), glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOPOD) and 1.3:1.4 mixed-linkage β-glucan kits were provided by Megazyme International Ireland (Wicklow, Ireland).
The chromatographic standards: luteolin, luteoilin-4’O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, gallic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, quinic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and apigenin were obtained from Merck (formerly Sigma Aldrich, Arklow, Co., Wicklow, Ireland).
Amyloglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3), glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOPOD) and 1.3:1.4 mixed-linkage β-glucan kits were provided by Megazyme International Ireland (Wicklow, Ireland).
5
Phytochemical Analysis of Medicinal Compounds
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Reagent grade quality ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, methanol, n-heptane, sodium methoxylated, and boron trifluoride in methanol (14% w/v) were purchased from Merck Life Science (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
LC–MS grade methanol, acetonitrile acetic acid, water, and HPLC grade methyl tert-butyl ether were also acquired from Merck Life Science (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
Standard of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, coumarin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and ferulic acid were purchase form Merck Life Science (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
LC–MS grade methanol, acetonitrile acetic acid, water, and HPLC grade methyl tert-butyl ether were also acquired from Merck Life Science (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
Standard of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, coumarin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and ferulic acid were purchase form Merck Life Science (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
6
Analytical Standards and Shower Gel Formulation
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Analytical standards of maleic acid, DL-malic acid, D-(−)-quinic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-catechin 3-gallate, L-methionine, L-tryptophan, as well as potassium pyrosulfite (E224), were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); gallic acid, quercetin, ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) from POL-AURA (Zabrze, Poland); tartaric acid from Chempur (,Piekary Slaskie, Poland); D-(+)-xylose and sucrose from SUPELCO (Pennsylvania, PA, USA), and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA).
All standards used were of analytical grade (≥99% purity).
The shower gel formulations were made using certified, vegetable-based raw materials which are approved for the production of natural products according to ECOCERS and COSMOS standards: sodium coco-sulfate (Sulfopon 1216 G, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), decyl glucoside (Plantacare 2000, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), cocamidopropyl betaine (Rokamina K30, PCC-Excol, Brzeg Dolny, Poland), benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid, tocopherol as a preservative (Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany), sodium chloride (POCH, Gliwice, Poland), citric acid (Krakchemia, Kraków, Poland), and distilled water.
All standards used were of analytical grade (≥99% purity).
The shower gel formulations were made using certified, vegetable-based raw materials which are approved for the production of natural products according to ECOCERS and COSMOS standards: sodium coco-sulfate (Sulfopon 1216 G, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), decyl glucoside (Plantacare 2000, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), cocamidopropyl betaine (Rokamina K30, PCC-Excol, Brzeg Dolny, Poland), benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid, tocopherol as a preservative (Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany), sodium chloride (POCH, Gliwice, Poland), citric acid (Krakchemia, Kraków, Poland), and distilled water.
7
Chromatographic Analysis of Polyphenols
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6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrochromene-2-carboxylic acid (trolox), (−)-epicatechin, ethyl gallate, protocatechuic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, vanillin, hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, sodium acetate, DMSO, 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), IL1α, ethanol, formic acid and LC-MS grade solvents were purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Quercetin 3-galactoside and malvidin 3-glucoside were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay CEDEX, France). LC-grade H2O (18 MΩ cm) was prepared with a Milli-Q H2O purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
8
Quantification of Polyphenolic Compounds
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The following standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany): catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, procyanidin B1 and B2, procyanidin A2, procyanidin C1, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, salicylic acid, catechin-2,3,4–13C3 99 atom % 13C (98 % CP), gallocatechin-2,3,4–13C3 ≥ 99 atom % 13C (≥97 % CP), catechin-2,3,4–13C3 gallate ≥99 atom % 13C (≥97 % CP), salicylic acid-D4 certified reference material. Naringenin was purchased from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, U.S.A).
The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck-Millipore, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany): dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37 %), formic acid (FA, LiChropur 98–100 % LCMS grade), 2 M Folin-Ciocalteu′s phenol reagent (47641-500 ML-F), gallic acid (G7384-100G) and β-glucuronidase type H-1 from Helix pomatia. Sodium bicarbonate (S6014-500G, Fluka), methanol (85681.320, VWR), and acetonitrile (ACN, HiPerSolv Chromanorm) were purchased from VWR Chemicals (Radnor, PA, U.S.A.). Sodium acetate was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and glacial acetic acid from Fluka/Sigma-Aldrich (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, U.S.A; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck-Millipore, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany): dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37 %), formic acid (FA, LiChropur 98–100 % LCMS grade), 2 M Folin-Ciocalteu′s phenol reagent (47641-500 ML-F), gallic acid (G7384-100G) and β-glucuronidase type H-1 from Helix pomatia. Sodium bicarbonate (S6014-500G, Fluka), methanol (85681.320, VWR), and acetonitrile (ACN, HiPerSolv Chromanorm) were purchased from VWR Chemicals (Radnor, PA, U.S.A.). Sodium acetate was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and glacial acetic acid from Fluka/Sigma-Aldrich (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, U.S.A; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
9
Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation of O. mutabilis
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Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, abbreviated as GA), anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Reagents pyrocatechol, catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin were of analytical grade and supplied from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The plant species O. mutabilis was collected in Mersin, Turkey, and identified by Dr. Riza Binzet (Location: C5 Mersin, Mersin-Gözne, around Darısekisi, rocky slopes and scrub area, 36°58′10.91″ N 34°34′11.79″ E, altitude of 780 m). Ultrapure water (18 MΩ cm at 25 °C) was provided by a Millipore Milli-Q Advantage A10.
10
Phytochemical profiling of clove buds
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Dry clove buds (Indonesia) were purchased from a local market. Phloretin, ellagic acid, resveratrol, chlorogenic acid, cyanin chloride, coumarin, quercetin, tannic acid, resorcinol, pyrocatechol, pyrogallol, (-)-epicatechin, gallic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, rosmarinic acid, trans-ferulic acid, caffeic acid, 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene dehydrate, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, vanillin, pinoresinol, (+)-catechin and eugenol were HPLC analytical standards purchased from Merck (Milan, Italy). Tyrosol, hydroxyTyrosol, oleuropein, syringic acid, luteolin and apigenin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Cedex, France). Deionized water obtained with a Milli-Q system (Purelab Pro + Purelab Classic, Millipore, USA) was used as a solvent for all the extractions. Ethanol (EtOH for HPLC, ≥99,8%, Fluka), methanol (MeOH for HPLC ≥99%, Merck), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO for GC ≥99,5%, Merck), sodium hydroxide (NaOH 0.1 M, Merck) and formic acid (≈98%, Fluka) were used as solvents for the preparation of standards solution of polyphenols.
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