Alloxan

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom

Alloxan is a chemical compound commonly used in laboratory research. It functions as a diabetogenic agent, capable of inducing diabetes in various animal models by selectively damaging pancreatic beta cells.

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Lab products found in correlation

Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Glibenclamide, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) α glucosidase, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Bromocriptine, by Novartis (3 mentions) Acarbose, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Freestyle lite, by Abbott (3 mentions) Streptozotocin (stz), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (3 mentions) 2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sq22536, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Accu chek advantage 2, by Roche (2 mentions) Bs 240 clinical chemistry analyzer, by Mindray (2 mentions) Thiamet g, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Bromodeoxyuridine (brdu), by Merck Group (2 mentions) One touch ultramini, by Johnson & Johnson (2 mentions) Metformin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Menadione, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Methyl viologen, by Merck Group (2 mentions)

140 protocols using alloxan

Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Model Study

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C57/BL6, PAR2KO, and Glu-mT/mG mice were injected intravenously with 110 mg/kg alloxan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at day 0. Mice with a blood glucose level >400 mg/dl (OneTouch Ultra Mini, Johnson & Johnson, Milpitas, CA, USA) were randomized. One group was injected with 0.1 mM/kg 2fLI (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) six IP injections on days 2, 4, and 6). Mice (alloxan +/−2fLI) were killed on days 2, 6, 9, 16, and 23:
Number of mice:
Day 2 – alloxan+vehicle, n=4 C57/BL6 and n=4 PAR2KO.
Day 6 – alloxan -2fLI, n=6 and n=3 PAR2KO; alloxan+2fLI, n=6 and n=3 PAR2KO.
Day 9 – alloxan -2fLI, n=10, n=4 PAR2KO, and n=3 Glu-mT/mG; alloxan+2fLI, n=10, n=4 PAR2KO, and n=3 Glu-mT/mG.
Day 16 – alloxan +2fLI, n=7, n=4 PAR2KO; alloxan -2fLI, n=7 and n=4 PAR2KO.
Day 23 – alloxan +2fLI, n=4, and n=3 Glu-mT/mG; alloxan -2fLI, n=4, and n=3 Glu-mT/mG.
Note that three C57/BL6 mice from each group at days 9 and 16 had BrdU (1 mg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich) added to the drinking water and that three C57/BL6 mice from each group at days 6 and 9 were taken for partial islet isolation (see below).

Piran R., Lee S.H., Kuss P., Hao E., Newlin R., Millán J.L, & Levine F. (2016). PAR2 regulates regeneration, transdifferentiation, and death. Cell Death & Disease, 7(11), e2452-.

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Alloxan-Induced Diabetes and Caerulein Treatment in Mice

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Mice were injected intravenously with 110 mg/kg alloxan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) at day 1. Mice with a blood glucose level greater than 500 mg/dl (OneTouch Ultra Mini, Johnson & Johnson, Milpitas, CA, USA) were randomized into two groups. One group was injected with caerulein (Sigma-Aldrich; six IP injections on days 1, 3 and 5). Lineage tracing studies were done with a caerulein dose of 7 mg/kg and the time course study with C57BL/6 mice used a dose of 10 mg/kg in PBS. Mice (alloxan alone and alloxan plus caerulein) were killed on days:
Day 13- Three C57BL/6 alloxan plus caerulein mice, three C57BL/6 alloxan alone mice.
Day 20- Three lineage tracing alloxan plus caerulein mice, three lineage tracing alloxan alone mice, seven C57BL/6 alloxan plus caerulein mice, seven C57BL/6 alloxan alone mice. Of the seven C57BL/6 alloxan plus caerulein mice and seven alloxan alone mice, one group from each (n=3) had BrdU (1 mg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich) added to the drinking water, whereas the second (n=4) had no BrdU added.
Day 27- Three C57BL/6 alloxan plus caerulein mice, three C57BL/6 alloxan alone mice.
Day 38- Three lineage tracing alloxan plus caerulein mice, three lineage tracing alloxan alone mice, four C57BL/6 alloxan plus caerulein and four C57BL/6 alloxan alone.

Piran R., Lee S.H., Li C.R., Charbono A., Bradley L.M, & Levine F. (2014). Pharmacological induction of pancreatic islet cell transdifferentiation: relevance to type I diabetes. Cell Death & Disease, 5(7), e1357-.

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Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rat Model

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The animals were divided into four
groups with three rats per group: normal, diabetic, PHE-treated diabetic,
and standard drug (glibenclamide)-treated diabetic groups. Following
14 h of fasting, diabetes was induced in the rats via intraperitonial
injection of 10% alloxan (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO) at a dose
of 150 mg/kg (dissolved in isotonic NaCl).^{15 (link)} After 3 days of alloxan injection, diabetes was confirmed through
increased levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia). The PHE dose (200
mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to the rats daily for 14
consecutive days.^{16 (link)}

Gardezi S.N., Akhtar M.T., Qadir R., Mustaqeem M., Batool S., Siddique A.B., Alhumade H., Tahir M.H, & Saadia M. (2022). Biological and Hypoglycemic Effects of a Polyherbal Extract on Alloxanized Diabetic Rats. ACS Omega, 7(51), 47755-47763.

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Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds

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Pentoxifylline (Trental) was purchased from Sanofi-Aventis Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil. Glibenclamide was from EMS S/A Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil. Alloxan and carrageenan type IV were from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Cytokine kits were from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA), and BD Bioscience (São Paulo, Brazil) for TNF-alpha and IL-6, respectively. All other drugs and reagents were of analytical grade.

Garcia F.A., Rebouças J.F., Balbino T.Q., da Silva T.G., de Carvalho-Júnior C.H., Cerqueira G.S., Brito G.A, & Viana G.S. (2015). Pentoxifylline reduces the inflammatory process in diabetic rats: relationship with decreases of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Inflammation (London, England), 12, 33.

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Pancreatic Cancer Cell Culture Protocol

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The human pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 and BxPC-3 were obtained from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. Adenosine (018–10,492) was purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan) and 8-CPT (#C0735), DMPX (#D134), alloxan (#A7413), MRS1523 (#M1809), EHNA (#E114), forskolin (#F6886), SQ22536 (#S153), H89 (#B1427), and dipyridamole (#D9766) were purchased from Sigma (Shanghai, China); HPBCD (#A600388) was from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China); and GSK690693 (#HY-10249) was from MCE (New Jersey, USA). For in vivo studies, Adenosine and GSK690693 were dissolved in 10% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China).

Yang D., Zhang Q., Ma Y., Che Z., Zhang W., Wu M., Wu L., Liu F., Chu Y., Xu W., McGrath M., Song C, & Liu J. (2019). Augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of adenosine against pancreatic cancer by switching the Akt/p21-dependent senescence to apoptosis. EBioMedicine, 47, 114-127.

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Formulation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Drug Delivery System

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GM was purchased from Kangbaotai Chemical Co., Ltd. (Hubei, People’s Republic of China). Labrafil M 1944 CS, Capryol 90, Lauroglycol 90, and Maisine 35-1, Plurol Oleique CC497 were received as gifts from Gattefossé Co. (Saint Priest, Cedex, France), while Labrasol and Transcutol were purchased from the same company. Cremophor EL and Cremophor RH40 were obtained from BASF Co. (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Oleic acid, Tween 80, Propylene glycol (PG), and PEG 400 were purchased from Sinopharm Group Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). Alloxan was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Meglumine was purchased from Suzhou Jingye Medicine and Chemical Co., Ltd (Suzhou, People’s Republic of China). Methanol was HPLC grade and supplied by Kermel Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, People’s Republic of China). Double-distilled water was used throughout the study. All other chemicals were of analytical grade.

Li H., Pan T., Cui Y., Li X., Gao J., Yang W, & Shen S. (2016). Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble glimepiride by utilizing microemulsion technique. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 11, 3777-3788.

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Antidiabetic Effects of Berberis vulgaris

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In this pre-clinical study, 60 Wistar rats were purchased from the Iran Pasteur institute with a weight range of 250±25 g, and were kept in the animal house of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences for seven days for acclimatization. The temperature of animals’ house was 22± 2 °C with12 hr of light and 12 hr of darkness. Briefly, 60 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g with free access to water and ad libitum were randomly divided to five twelve-membered groups including healthy control (group 1), diabetic control (group 2; these two groups received distilled water), treated diabetic positive control (group 3) using dose 150 mg/kg/day metformin, and two groups treated with doses 200 (group 4) and 600 (group 5) mg/kg/BW of B. vulgaris extracts via gavage feeding for 8 weeks. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection (IP) with 120 mg/kg alloxan (Sigma Chemical Company, USA) in all groups except healthy control group (20 (link)). Animals were deprived of food for 12 hr before alloxan injection. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the medical university of Shahrekord (Code: 91-12-6).

Rahimi-Madiseh M., Karimian P., Kafeshani M, & Rafieian-Kopaei M. (2017). The effects of ethanol extract of Berberis vulgaris fruit on histopathological changes and biochemical markers of the liver damage in diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 20(5), 552-556.

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Alloxan-Alginate Biocomposite Synthesis

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Alloxan (CAS number 2244–11-3, molecular weight 160.08) and alginate (CAS number 9005–38-3, molecular weight 216.12) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Calcium chloride and all other chemical reagents and solvents were purchased from Merck (Germany).

Teofilovic B., Golocorbin-Kon S., Stilinovic N., Grujic-Letic N., Raškovic A., Mooranian A., Al-Salami H, & Mikov M. (2021). Pharmacological effects of novel microvesicles of basil, on blood glucose and the lipid profile: a preclinical study. Scientific Reports, 11, 22123.

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Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Model Protocol

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For the T1DM model, 60 mg/kg of alloxan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) was administered intravenously, with saline solution administered. On non-diabetic animals, only saline solution was administered (24 (link), 30 (link)). On day 0, blood glucose was measured using a glucometer Accu-Chek Advantage II (Roche Diagnostics, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and the animals where weighed. After 10 days of induction, weight and blood glucose were measured again to confirm the induction of diabetes. This study was accepted by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (CEUA) at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), the University of São Paulo, Brazil (protocol number: CEUA/FCF/570), and all experiments were conducted in strict accordance with the principles and guidelines of the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA).

Sousa E.S., Queiroz L.A., Guimarães J.P., Pantoja K.C., Barros R.S., Epiphanio S, & Martins J.O. (2023). The influence of high glucose conditions on macrophages and its effect on the autophagy pathway. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1130662.

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Chemically Induced Diabetes in Sprague Dawley Rats

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Diabetes in Sprague Dawley rats was induced chemically by diabetogenic agents streptozotocin and alloxan monohydrate. Each rat received a diabetogenic agent with a single dose. Both streptozotocin and alloxan were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Fajarwati I., Solihin D.D., Wresdiyati T, & Batubara I. (2023). Self-recovery in diabetic Sprague Dawley rats induced by intraperitoneal alloxan and streptozotocin. Heliyon, 9(5), e15533.

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