Statistical package for the social sciences version 13

The primary outcome measure of the study was the MAP, and the secondary outcomes were the HR, VAS scores, and additional intraoperative and postoperative drug use. A priori sample size estimation revealed that at least 84 subjects were required to achieve a power of 90% (α = 0.05) to detect a difference in the MAP between the groups with a large effect size (0.40). Thus, 90 patients were included (30 in each group). Data analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data are expressed as mean, SD, number, and percentage as appropriate. Intragroup comparisons of continuous variables were performed by a paired t-test for normally distributed variables and by the Wilcoxon test for non-normally distributed variables. For non-normally distributed variables, two-group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test, and multiple-group comparisons were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Data analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 13.0 (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, IL, USA). The distribution of the data was examined with the Shapiro-Wilk test. For non-normally distributed data, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for two-group comparisons and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons of more than two groups. The relationships between the variables were examined with the Spearman correlation coefficient. Categorical data were analyzed by Pearson’s chi-square test and Yantes corrected chi-square test. A P value <0.05 was considered significant.