Ilf 835

Thermogravimetric (TG) measurements were performed with Mettler TGA 2 up to 800 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ under air flow (40 mL min⁻¹). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were carried out with PANalytical X'PERT-PRO MPD using Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation. The morphologies of the composites were observed with a Hitachi SU8220 field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated at 1 kV. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed using a Bruker XFlash 5060FQ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area was measured using Quantachrome Monosorb. The adsorbed gas was N₂ (20%) and He (80%) at 77 K. Prior to the BET surface area measurements, the samples were dried under the gas flow at 150 °C for 10 min. UV-vis absorption measurements were conducted with Hitachi U-4100 and U-3900H spectrophotometers. Excitation and emission spectra and absolute photoluminescence quantum yields (Φ_PL) were obtained with JASCO FP-8500 spectrofluorometer equipped with an integrating sphere unit ILF-835. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out using JEOL JPS-9010MC.

Steady-state absorption spectra were recorded in 10 × 4 mm UV-grade quartz cuvettes (29-F/Q/10, Starna GmbH, Pfungstadt, Germany) on a JASCO V-650 spectrometer (JASCO Germany GmbH, Groß-Umstadt, Germany). The spectra were offset corrected and normalized. Emission spectra were recorded in 10 × 4 mm UV-grade quartz cuvettes (29-F/Q/10, Starna GmbH) with a JASCO FP 8500 fluorescence spectrometer. Prior to normalization, the spectra were corrected for offset, absorption and reabsorption artifacts as well as the spectral characteristics of the experimental equipment. The JASCO FP 8500 spectrometer was equipped with a 100 mm integrating sphere (ILF-835, JASCO) and used for absolute fluorescence quantum yield (QY) determinations. For anisotropy studies, the spectrometer was equipped additionally with two automatized polarization filters as polarizer and analyzer (FDP-837, JASCO).