Glycolithocholic acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Glycolithocholic acid is a bile acid found naturally in the human body. It is commonly used as a reference standard or analytical reagent in various laboratory applications.

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7 protocols using glycolithocholic acid

Quantitative Analysis of Senecionine and Bile Acids

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Senecionine was purchased from Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shanghai, China). Senecionine purity was determined to be 92% through quantitative ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC−MS) (Figures S1 and S2, Supporting Information). Bile acid standards were purchased from Sigma−Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), including CA, deoxycholic acid (DCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), GCA, GDCA, GCDCA, glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), TCA, TDCA, taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), TUDCA, taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA), and taurolithocholic acid (TLCA). Acetonitrile and methanol were of HPLC grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ammonium acetate (99.0%, MS grade) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Formic acid (99.0%, HPLC grade) and ammonia solution (25.0%, HPLC grade) were purchased from Tedia Co. (Fairfield, OH, USA). Water was purified using a Millipore Milli-Q system (Billerica, MA, USA).

Xiong A., Yang F., Fang L., Yang L., He Y., Wan Y.Y., Xu Y., Qi M., Wang X., Yu K., Tsim K.W, & Wang Z. (2014). Metabolomic and Genomic Evidence for Compromised Bile Acid Homeostasis by Senecionine, a Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid. Chemical research in toxicology, 27(5), 775-786.

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Quantification of Bile Acids Metabolites

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ANIT, carbamazepine, mycophenolic acid, and reference standards for 18 BAs, including CA, glycocholic acid, TCA, CDCA, glycocheno deoxycholic acid, TCDCA, deoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, UDCA, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, TUDCA, LCA, glycolithocholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, glycohyodeoxycholic acid, and taurohyodeoxycholic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chromatography-grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water was purified using a MilliQ water system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Chromatography-grade acetic acid, formic acid, and methanol were provided by Tedia Company (Fairfield, OH, USA).

Li Y.F., Wu J.S., Li Y.Y., Dai Y., Zheng M., Zeng J.K., Wang G.F., Wang T.M., Li W.K., Zhang X.Y., Gu M., Huang C., Yang L., Wang Z.T, & Ma Y.M. (2017). Chicken bile powder protects against α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. Oncotarget, 8(57), 97137-97152.

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HPLC-based Bile Acid and Metabolite Analysis

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Methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile and formic acid were of HPLC grade. Analytical grade of NaOH, propan-1-ol, pyridine, hexane and propylchloroformate (PCF) were purchased as well from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin Fallavier, France). Deionized water comes from a Milli-Q Elix system fitted with a LC-PaK and a MilliPak filter at 0.22 μm (Merck Millipore, Guyancourt, France). The following bile acid standards: cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), lycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), and taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) and ammonium acetate were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). All tryptophan reference, isotope labeled metabolites and SCFAs (acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, acetate-D3, butyrate-13C2 and valerate-D9) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin Fallavier, France). The stock solutions of bile acids, tryptophan metabolite and SCFAs were prepared separately in methanol at the concentration of 10 mmol/l.

Sencio V., Benech N., Robil C., Deruyter L., Heumel S., Machelart A., Sulpice T., Lamazière A., Grangette C., Briand F., Sokol H, & Trottein F. (2022). Alteration of the gut microbiota’s composition and metabolic output correlates with COVID-19-like severity in obese NASH hamsters. Gut Microbes, 14(1), 2100200.

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Quantification of Bile Acids by LC-MS

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Tauroursodeoxy cholic acid (TUDCA), tauro cholic acid (TCA), glycoursodeoxy cholic acid (GUDCA), glyco cholic acid (GCA), taurochenodeoxy cholic acid (TCDCA), taurodeoxy cholic acid (TDCA), cholic acid (CA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), tauro cholic acid-d4 (d4-TCA), glyco cholic acid-d4 (d4-GCA), cholic acid-d4 (d4-CA), ursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-UDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-CDCA), and deoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-DCA) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) or Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). LC/MS grade methanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol, ammonium formate, and formic acid were purchased from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA)

Danese E., Negrini D., Pucci M., De Nitto S., Ambrogi D., Donzelli S., Lievens P.M., Salvagno G.L, & Lippi G. (2020). Bile Acids Quantification by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Method Validation, Reference Range, and Interference Study. Diagnostics, 10(7), 462.

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Bile Acid Profiling by LC-MS/MS

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ANIT, carbamazepine, mycophenolic acid, cholic acid (CA), glycocholic acid (GCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), glycohyodeoxycholic acid (GHDCA), and taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chromatography grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water was purified using a MilliQ water system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Chromatography grade acetic acid, formic acid, and methanol were provided by Tedia Company (Fairfield, OH, USA).

Wu J.S., Li Y.F., Li Y.Y., Dai Y., Li W.K., Zheng M., Shi Z.C., Shi R., Wang T.M., Ma B.L., Liu P, & Ma Y.M. (2017). Huangqi Decoction Alleviates Alpha-Naphthylisothiocyanate Induced Intrahepatic Cholestasis by Reversing Disordered Bile Acid and Glutathione Homeostasis in Mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 938.

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Bile Acid Profiling Using HPLC-MS/MS

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Ammonium hydroxide (v/v 25%, AR) was purchased from Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., China. Activated carbon was purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory, China. Formic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol were ordered from Merck Company (US). Ammonium formate, 4d-DCA (internal standard), glycoursodeoxycholic acid taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA), and glycolithocholic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (USA). Hyocholic acid (HCA) was ordered from Santa Company (USA). Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), cholic acid (CA), glycocholic acid (GCA), GCDCA, glycodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid taurocholic acid TCDCA, taurodeoxycholic acid (T-DCA), ursodeoxycholic acid CDCA, DCA, LCA and TLCA were purchased from Dalian Mellon Biological Technology Co., Ltd.

Chen W., Ding M., Ji L., Yao J., Guo Y., Yan W., Yu S., Shen Q., Huang M., Zheng Y., Lin Y., Wang Y., Liu Z., Lu L, & Jin X. (2023). Bile acids promote the development of HCC by activating inflammasome. Hepatology Communications, 7(9), e0217.

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Plasma Metabolite Extraction and LC-MS Analysis

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LC/MS grade methanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol, ammonium formate, and formic acid were purchased from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA). Ultra-pure water was purified using a Milli-Q system (Merch Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Tauroursodeoxy cholic acid (TUDCA), tauro cholic acid (TCA), glycoursodeoxy cholic acid (GUDCA), glyco cholic acid (GCA), taurochenodeoxy cholic acid (TCDCA), taurodeoxy cholic acid (TDCA), cholic acid (CA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), tauro cholic acid-d4 (d4-TCA), glyco cholic acid-d4 (d4-GCA), cholic acid-d4 (d4-CA), ursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-UDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-CDCA), and deoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-DCA) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) or Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Plasma sample preparation was performed as follows. An aliquot of 200 μL of plasma sample was spiked with 780 μL methanol and 20 μL of the internal standard mix in plastic centrifuge tubes. Samples were vortexed for 20 s, centrifuged for 3 min at 25,000× g, and then 200 μL of the supernatant was transferred in a 96-well plate for analysis along with 200 μL of water.

Danese E., Lievens P.M., Padoan A., Peserico D., Galavotti R., Negrini D., Gelati M., Conci S., Ruzzenente A., Salvagno G.L, & Lippi G. (2023). Plasma Bile Acid Profiling and Modulation of Secreted Mucin 5AC in Cholangiocarcinoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(16), 12794.

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