Belsorp mini

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken using a Hitachi SU9000 field emission SEM. XPS measurements were conducted using an ESCA-3400 apparatus (Shimadzu). The binding energies were determined by referencing the C 1s peak (284.5 eV) for each sample. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra were obtained using a spectrophotometer (V-670, JASCO). The BET surface area was measured using a gas adsorption apparatus (MICROTRAC MRB, BELSORP-mini) at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K).

X-ray diffraction
(XRD) patterns were collected on a Unisantis XMD300 powder diffractometer
unit using Cu Kα (λ = 1.5418 Å). FTIR spectra were
recorded using a Bruker α II spectrophotometer in the range
of 400–2000 cm^–1. Thermal properties of the
ZHF nanohybrid were determined using an SDT Q600 V20.9 Build 20 instrument
operated under an argon atmosphere at a flow rate of 50 mL/min from
25 to 720 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min. The morphologies and
texture of the carbon materials were characterized using a field emission
scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (MIRA3, TESCAN) and a transmission
electron microscope (FEI Tecnai F20 at 200 kV). Elemental analysis
was also performed by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS,
XFlash 6130 detector, Bruker). The surface area and pore size distribution
of the carbon materials were determined using a BELSORP measuring
instrument (BELSORP-mini, Japan, Inc.) using nitrogen gas adsorption–desorption
technique at 77 K. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) measurement
was performed on a Thermo Scientific K-Alpha X-ray photoelectron spectroscope
using Al Kα and spot size 400 μm.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a Rigaku MiniFlex600 powder diffractometer employing monochromatic Cu Kα radiation and operating at 15 mA and 40 kV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were acquired using a JEM-2010F electron microscope (Jeol). X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were acquired using an ESCA-3400 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (Shimadzu). The binding energies determined using XPS were corrected with reference to the C 1s peak (284.6 eV) for each sample. N₂ adsorption isotherms were measured using a BELSORP-mini instrument (MicrotracBEL) at liquid nitrogen temperature. H₂O adsorption isotherms were acquired at 298 K using a BELSORP-max (MicrotracBEL) instrument. Samples were heated at 473 K for 1 h under vacuum prior to the measurements for both N₂ and H₂O adsorption isotherms.

The morphology of the samples was examined by FESEM (JEOL-6700) and TEM (JEOL, JEM-2010). The crystal structure of the samples was examined by XRD on the Bruker D2 Phaser X-Ray Diffractometer with Cu K_α radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). The theoretical XRD pattern of conductive Cu-MOF was calculated on the basis of the XRD simulation software of Mercury 4.1.0. The compositions of the samples were analyzed by the FESEM instrument equipped with an EDX spectroscope. The elemental mapping images of the samples were measured by using the EDX spectroscope attached to TEM (JEOL, JEM-2100F). The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isothermal curves of the samples were obtained at 77 K by using BELSORP-mini (MicrotracBEL Corp.) The electronic structure of the samples was studied by XPS (PHI Quantum 2000) with the adventitious carbon (C 1s) at the binding energy of 284.6 eV as the reference. The surface functional groups of the samples were determined by FTIR (Thermo-Smart-iTR). The XAFS spectroscopy of Cu and/or Fe K-edge was collected at the X-ray absorption fine structure for catalysis (XAFCA) beamline of the Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), Singapore. The energy was calibrated using a copper foil. Quantitative curve fittings of the Fourier-transformed k³χ(k) in the R-space were carried out on the basis of the ARTEMIS module implemented in the IFEFFIT software packages.