Fetal bovine serum (fbs)

2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, HPLC) was purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, P. R. China). Series standards of dextran, potassium bromide (KBr, SP), and nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT, AR) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Vitamin C (Vc, AR) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (Shanghai, P. R. China). Fetal bovine serum was purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Hangzhou, P. R. China). Other chemicals and solvents used in this study were analytical grade.

Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (Art. No.10–013-CVRC, Corning, New York, NY, USA); β-sitosterol (Batch No. Y22A10C85758, Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), fetal bovine serum (Art. No.04–007-1a, Biological Industries, Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel), phosphate buffer saline (PBS; Art.No. WH0112201 911 XP, Procell, Wuhan, China), pancreatin (Art. No.143188, Biosharp, Hefei, China), DMSO (Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., Wuching District, China), MTT (Art. No. M8180, Beijing Suleibao Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), a BCA kit (Lot No.20210922, Bio-Swamp Life Science Lab, Wuhan, China), an ECL high-sensitivity chemiluminescent solution kit (Batch No.: GC 10AA0033, Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), β-actin (Batch No.: F200040, Abways Technology, Shanghai, China), VEGFA (Batch No. 83 m8093, Affinity Biosciences, Beijing, China), PTGS2 (Batch No. 86F4760, Affinity Biosciences), VEGFR2 (Batch No. 84 g5912, Affinity Biosciences), and horseradish peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (Batch No. F300405, Abways Technology) were used in this study.