The seeds of G. uralensis utilized for the experiment were provided by the Institute of Licorice at Shihezi University (Shihezi, China). The standards of glycyrrhizic acid (Batch No.: C11654946), glycyrrhizin (Batch No.: C11602211), glycyrrhizin (Batch No.: C10828731), methanol, formic acid, anhydrous ethanol, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (Batch No.: C298-96-4), ethyl acetate, KH2PO4, 2,4-dinitrophenol indicator, NaOH, ammonium vanadate, aluminum trichloride, and sulfuric acid were purchased from Macklin Biochemical (Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); acetonitrile was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (LCMS-level, Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd., Waltham, MA, USA); nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide were purchased from Adamus Reagent (Adamas Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China).
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