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Whole lungs were perfused with 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde in situ. Tissue was then fixed overnight in 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned. For TUNEL staining, slides were deparaffinized and stained for apoptotic cells using ApopTag Fluorescein In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit (Miltenyi) as per the manufacturer's instructions. Imaging of slides was performed on a VS120 slide scanner (Olympus) with a VC50 camera, a UPLSAPO lens, at magnification of 20× and a numerical aperture of 0.75. Images were analysed using OlyVia Image Viewer 2.6 (Olympus). Quantification of TUNEL‐positive cells in whole lung sections was then performed using Icy‐Spot Detector.

Whole lungs were perfused with 10% neutral-buffered formalin (NBF) in situ. Tissue was then fixed overnight in 10% NBF, transferred into ethanol until embedded in paraffin and sectioned. Each lung specimen was stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Imaging of slides was performed on a VS120 slide scanner (Olympus) with a VC50 camera, a UPLSAPO lens, at a magnification of 20× and a numerical aperture of 0.75. Images were analysed using OlyVia Image Viewer 2.6 (Olympus).

The lungs were extensively perfused with 10 mL PBS and then inflated by injection of 3 ml of 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) through the tracheal cannula. Tissue was then fixed overnight in 10% NBF, and transferred into 70% ethanol until embedded in paraffin and sectioned. Each lung specimen was stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). For each mouse, the number of hemozoin crystals were quantified from 10 randomly selected fields on H&E stained slides under Leica light microscopy (400×).
Immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine the expression of MRP14 on paraffin-embedded lung sections with anti-MRP14 antibody (clone 2b10). TUNEL staining was performed using ApopTag^® Fluorescein In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit (Merck Millipore) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Imaging of slides was performed on a VS120 slide scanner (Olympus) with a VC50 camera, a UPLSAPO lens, at a magnification of 20× or 40×. Images were processed and analysed using OlyVia Image Viewer 2.6 (Olympus) and Fiji31 (link). And TUNEL positive cell numbers were quantified in an area of 1nm2 (link) using OlyVia Image Viewer 2.6.