Mini 290

The LPV SDNs were prepared by emulsion-spray-drying as described by Owen et al. 49 Briefly, a stock solution of LPV (200 mg mL -1 in dichloromethane (DCM)), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA grade 4-88, MW 57-77 000) (50 mg mL -1 in water), Kolliphor TPGS (50 mg mL -1 in water) were prepared. Three stock solutions were mixed in the LPV : PVA : Kolliphor TPGS ratio of 60 : 192 : 48 (mL) in a 1 : 4 DCM to water mixture. Emulsification was conducted using a Hielscher UP400S ultrasonic processor equipped with a H14 Probe at 100% output (140 W) for 180 seconds, with immediate spray-drying using a benchtop spray-dryer (BUCHI Mini-290) with an air-atomizing nozzle and compressed air as the drying gas. Spray-drying process conditions: 7 mL min -1 solution flow rate; 65 °C outlet temperature; 110 °C inlet temperature. Resultant powders were further dried under vacuum for 48 hours to remove residual DCM. SDN dispersions result from subsequent powder dispersion in water; for DLS characterisation, powders were dispersed in distilled water at 2 mg mL -1 (1 mg mL -1 cf. LPV).

The LPV SDNs were prepared by emulsion-spray-drying as described by Giardiello et al. 22 Briefly, a stock solution of LPV (200 mg mL À1 in dichloromethane (DCM)), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA grade 4-88, M W 57-77 000) (50 mg mL À1 in water), Kolliphor TPGS (50 mg mL À1 in water) were prepared. Three stock solutions were mixed in the LPV : PVA : Kolliphor TPGS ratio of 60 : 192 : 48 (mL) in a 1 : 4 DCM to water mixture. Emulsification was conducted using a Hielscher UP400S ultrasonic processor equipped with a H14 Probe at 100% output (140 W) for 180 seconds, with immediate spray-drying using a benchtop spray-dryer (BUCHI Mini-290) with an air-atomizing nozzle and compressed air as the drying gas. Spray-drying process conditions: 7 mL min À1 solution flow rate; 65 1C outlet temperature; 110 1C inlet temperature. Resultant powders were further dried under vacuum for 48 hours to remove residual DCM. SDN dispersions result from subsequent powder dispersion in water; for DLS characterisation, powders were dispersed in distilled water at 2 mg mL À1 (1 mg mL À1 cf. LPV). The LPV SDNs had a Z-average diameter of 330 nm and PdI of 0.18.