for 3 h with 2.5% w/v glutaraldehyde and then washed three times with
PBS. The samples were then dehydrated via a series of ethanol treatments
with increasing concentrations from 10% to ∼100% v/v by using
a Pelco BioWave Microwave Tissue processor. Once dehydrated, the scaffolds
were coated with a 5 nm layer of platinum via a Leica EM-SCD005 cool
sputter coater 7001F (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Germany). Bacteria
adhered to coated and uncoated scaffolds were then imaged using SEM
(Tescan MIRA3 FEG-SEM, Australia) at a voltage of 3 kV (spot size
11.86).