Uv 1780 spectrometer

Nine (9) leaves of fully developed functional pepper plants were randomly selected after treatment applications. A 0.5 diameter puncture was used to obtain (0.1 g) sample leaves from each treatment for photosynthetic pigment evaluation. The samples obtained were then submerged in 10 mL of 80% acetone containing 20 mL of graduated test tubes with a stopper and left in the dark for 48 h with 8 h of oscillation interval. Acetone (80%) was zeroed when the leaves turned white and the OD values of the extracted solutions were measured at 663 nm, 645 nm, and 440 nm with a UV-1780 spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan), following the method described by Arnon, (1949) (link).

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM; model HT7700; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) was used to characterize nanostructure morphology. High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were conducted for studying elemental distributions using a JEM-2100F microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at 200 kV accelerating voltage. A UV-1780 spectrometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was used to record Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra. A confocal Raman microscope (JY H-800; Horiba, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a 633-nm He–Ne excitation laser was used for SERS spectrum collection. Raman peaks range from 1800 to 2500 cm⁻¹ was collected under 12-mW laser power with 10 s integration time. The Raman signal intensity was measured at five random spots.

Freshly shredded and mixed leaves were weighed to the nearest 0.1 g and placed at the bottom of a sealed 20 ml test tube. Then, 10 ml of 80% acetone was added, and the test tube was kept in the dark for 48 h with 12 h of shaking. When the leaves turned completely white, the optical density values of the extracted solutions were measured at 663 nm and 645 nm using a UV-1780 spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan) and zeroed with acetone (80%). The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids were calculated using the following equations:
$$\text{Chl}\text{a}\left(\text{mg}·{\text{g}}^{-1}\text{FW}\right)=(12.71\times {\text{OD}}_{663}-2.59\times {\text{OD}}_{645})\times \left(\text{V}/1000\text{W}\right)$$
$$\text{Chl}\text{b}\left(\text{mg}·{\text{g}}^{-1}\text{FW}\right)=(22.88\times {\text{OD}}_{645}-4.67\times {\text{OD}}_{663})\times \left(\text{V}/1000\text{W}\right)$$
$$\text{Total}\text{Chl}\left(\text{mg}·{\text{g}}^{-1}\text{FW}\right)=\text{Chl}\text{a}+\text{Chl}\text{b}=(20.29\times {\text{OD}}_{645}+8.04\times {\text{OD}}_{663})\times \left(\text{V}/1000\text{W}\right)$$
V: Total volume of sample extraction solution (ml); W: Sample mass (g).