analytical grade, unless stated otherwise. Ultrapure water (18.25
MΩ cm) used throughout was produced by an ultrapure water purification
system (EPED-EQ-10T, Nanjing Eped Technology Development Co., Ltd.,
Nanjing, China). A wax printer (Xerox ColorQube 8580) was used to
print the pattern onto the filter paper (Hangzhou Fuyang Beimu Pulp
Paper Limited, Hangzhou, China). Potassium permanganate was purchased
from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). Ascorbic
acid and captopril (98%) used for preparing standard solutions were
purchased from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangzhou, China)
and Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), respectively.
Vitamin C tablets and captopril tablets used as samples were purchased
from Jiangmen Hengjian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Jiangmen, China),
and Sinopharm Shantou Jinshi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China),
respectively. Concentrated sulfuric acid was purchased from Xilong
Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China).