Uv vis spectrophotometer

Antiradical scavenging activity using DPPH radical was performed according to a modified method described elsewhere [15 (link),60 (link)]. Green tea infusions were diluted with distilled water (1 + 1 v/v) and 0.1 mL of each was mixed with 3.9 mL of methanolic solution of DPPH (6 × 10⁻⁵ M). After the reaction reached the plateau value (AC_t) (max. after 30 min) the absorbance was read at a wavelength of 515 nm in 1-cm cuvettes using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Evolution, Waltham, MA, USA). Blank samples were prepared by replacing the extracts with methanol. Antioxidant activity of infusions was calculated as a percent of radicals scavenged by the samples, using the following equation: I (inhibition) [%] = [(AC₀ − AC_t)/AC₀] * 100, where AC₀ represents initial absorbance of DPPH.

Ultraviolet−visible (UV-vis) absorption of the TA coating on the quartz slide was carried out on a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific). The thickness of the TA coating on the silicon slide was measured by a variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometer (J. A. Woollam Co., Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) in the spectral range of 300−800 nm. The thickness values given are the average over 5 independent point measurements on 3 replicate substrates. The morphologies of the TA coating were observed under a scanning electron microscope (Quanta 450, Hillsboro, OR, USA). The samples were coated with gold before observation.

TAC were extracted following the method described in [65 (link)] with some modifications. Specifically, 0.5 g of freeze-dried leaf powder was placed in 10 mL of methanol (containing 1% HCL) extract, shaken well, covered to protect it from light, and sonicated for 1 h. After centrifugation (5000 rpm, 10 min), the supernatant was used for anthocyanin content determination. Then, 2 mL of supernatant was aspirated and mixed with 8 mL of potassium chloride-hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 1.0) and sodium acetate-iceacetic acid buffer (pH 4.5), respectively, and the mixture was incubated in a dark room at 40 degrees for 30 min. The absorbance of mixture supernatant solutions was measured at 520 nm for anthocyanin content and 700 nm for haze correction using a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Co., Ltd., Wilmington, NC, USA) with 1 cm path length cuvettes. All absorbance measurements were performed at room temperature with distilled water as a blank control.

The amount of residual DNA in the ADM samples was measured by the FavorPrep™ Tissue Genomic DNA Extraction mini kit (Favorgen Biotech Corp, Ping-Tung, Taiwan). The DNA extraction included the lysis of the sample (ADM), DNA collection, and purification. The DNA concentration was measured using a UV–Vis Spectrophotometer (Thermofisher, Watlham, MA, USA) at 260 nm and 280 nm optical densities. The fresh fetal bovine skin was also used as a reference, as its DNA concentration was considered 100%.

Total flavonoid content of crude methanolic extract of C. peregrinum was performed by aluminium chloride colorimetric method adopted by Djeridane et al. [15 (link)]. A volume of 1 mL of 2% AlCl₃ ethanol solution was mixed with 1 mL of sample solution (1 mg/mL). After incubation for 10 min at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 415 nm with UV/VIS spectrophotometer (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA). Quercetin was used as a standard for calibration curve and the results were expressed as Quercetin equivalents (μg QE/mg).

First, a 100 µL bacterial solution of 10⁸–10¹ CFU/mL was added to 900 µL of synthetic urine to prepare urine samples containing 10⁷–10⁰ CFU/mL of bacteria.
Previously, we constructed a procedure for extracting DNA from bacteria using the modified Chelex-100 lysis method [12 (link),23 (link)]. In this study, we attempted to use the approach to extract bacterial DNA directly from urine samples. The specific workflow is as follows:

To prepare the Chelex-100 lysis solution, combine 2.5 g Chelex-100, 50 mL TE buffer, and 500 µL TritonX-100 in a container and thoroughly mix.

Add 200 µL of Chelex-100 lysis solution to the prepared bacterial-containing urine sample and mix completely.

Heat the mixture at 100 °C for 10 min.

A 1 mL syringe is used to aspirate the mixture, which is then filtered by a 0.45 µm filter membrane.

Analyzing the extracted DNA quality (OD₂₆₀/OD₂₈₀, OD₂₆₀/OD₂₃₀) was carried out with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Using Qubit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), the concentration of double-stranded DNA was quantified.

The microparticles (5 mg) of rCDPK6 + PLG, rROP18 + PLG and rCDPK6 + rROP18 + PLG were each suspended in 1 ml of PBS and were shaken at 37 °C in 2 ml Eppendorf tubes for 35 days. The A₂₈₀ values for the sampled supernatants were determined daily with a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific). The supernatants were added back into tubes and shaken. At 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days, the supernatants were collected in new tubes for a western blot analysis, detected by the protein-specific rabbit pAbs. In the SDS-PAGE analysis, the loading volumes of the protein solutions in each well were identical.