Kaempferol

Manufactured by Extrasynthese

Sourced in France, Portugal, United States

Kaempferol is a flavonoid compound found in various plants. It serves as a reference standard for analytical and research purposes.

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Lab products found in correlation

Close spelling variants of this product

Kaempferol-3-O-galactoside (3 citations) Kaempferol-3-rutinoside (4 citations) Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (Kf glc), (2 citations) Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (54 citations) Kaempferol-7-O-glucoside (5 citations) Kaempferol 3-glucoside (8 citations) Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (24 citations) Kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide (3 citations)

47 protocols using kaempferol

In Vitro Digestion Protocol

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Ethanol, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, acetonitrile, sodium hydroxide, trichloroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, gallic acid, potassium ferricyanide, ferric chloride and calcium chloride dihydrate were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent, potassium chloride, ammonium carbonate, acetic acid glacial and sodium chloride were purchased from Panreac Applichem (Barcelona, Spain). Magnesium chloride hexahydrate and aluminum chloride were from Acros Organics (Pittsburgh, PA, USA), and sodium carbonate anhydrous was purchased from Labkem (Barcelona, Spain).
Human salivary α-amylase (A1031-1KU), porcine pepsin (P6887), porcine pancreatin 4 × USP specifications (P1750), bile bovine (B3883), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), quercetin, chrysin and p-coumaric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Kaempferol was purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France) and naringenin from Acros Organics (Pittsburgh, PA, USA).

Aylanc V., Tomás A., Russo-Almeida P., Falcão S.I, & Vilas-Boas M. (2021). Assessment of Bioactive Compounds under Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Bee Pollen and Bee Bread: Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants, 10(5), 651.

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Caco-2/TC7 Cell Culture Protocol

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All cell culture supplies were from Invitrogen, Paisley, UK, unless otherwise stated. Caco-2/TC7 cells were kindly donated by Dr M. Rousset, U178 INSERM, Villejuif, France. Millicell-ERS volt ohmmeter was obtained from Millipore corporation, Massachusetts, USA. Transwell inserts and 12 well plates were Costar brand obtained from Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK. The MK571 was purchased from Biomol Research Laboratories, Exeter, UK. Mini protease inhibitor cocktail tablets containing EDTA and perfabloc were purchased from Roche, Welwyn Garden City, UK. Galangin, quercetin and kaempferol were purchased from Extrasynthese, 69727 Genay Cedex, France. Alamethacin from Trichoderma viride, uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid and uridine 5′-diphospho-N-acetyl-glucosamine were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, Poole, UK. GraFit software was version 4.0 and purchased from Erithacus Software Ltd., East Grinstead, UK. Gemini C18 (150 mm × 2.0 mm i.d., 5 μm) narrow bore HPLC column was purchased from Phenomenex, Macclesfield, UK. Analytical chemistry was performed using ChemStation software on an HP1100 HPLC and single quadrupole MSD SL mass spectrometer from Agilent, Manchester, UK. All solvents and other reagents of analytical grade were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich, Poole, UK.

Barrington R.D., Needs P.W., Williamson G, & Kroon P.A. (2015). MK571 inhibits phase-2 conjugation of flavonols by Caco-2/TC7 cells, but does not specifically inhibit their apical efflux. Biochemical Pharmacology, 95(3), 193-200.

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Quantification of Polyphenolic Compounds in Botanical Samples

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The standards of protocatechuic (1), chlorogenic (2), caffeic (3), ferulic (4) and p-coumaric (5) acids, and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (6), isoquercitrin (7), apigenin 7-O-glucoside (8), astragalin (9), isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside (10), quercetin (11), luteolin (12), and kaempferol (13) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France); santonin was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). HPLC-gradient grade solvents and analytical-grade chemicals were provided by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water was double distilled. Solvents were filtered through a 0.45 μm filter (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and degassed in an ultrasonic bath before use. The stock standard solutions of analytes were prepared in methanol and stored at 4°C in the dark. The working standard solutions of appropriate concentration were prepared by diluting the stock standard solutions with methanol.

Zheleva-Dimitrova D.Z., Balabanova V., Gevrenova R., Doichinova I, & Vitkova A. (2015). Chemometrics-based Approach in Analysis of Arnicae flos. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 11(Suppl 4), S538-S544.

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Quantification of Phenolic Compounds

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Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, sodium carbonate (99%), catechin (98%), protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, sodium nitrite (97%), aluminium chloride (99.9%), and vanillin (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Procyanidin B2, rutin, epicatechin, kaempferol, quercetin dehydrate, daidzein and genistein were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Sulphuric acid (95–97%) and gallic acid (98%) were purchased from Fluka (Seelze, Germany). Sodium hydroxide (98%) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Absolute ethanol (99.9%) and methanol (99.9%) were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Rodano, Italy). Milli-Q^® water (18.2 MΩ.cm) was obtained in a Millipore–Direct Q3 UV System equipment (Molsheim, France).

Mecha E., Leitão S.T., Carbas B., Serra A.T., Moreira P.M., Veloso M.M., Gomes R., Figueira M.E., Brites C., Vaz Patto M.C, & Bronze M.R. (2019). Characterization of Soaking Process’ Impact in Common Beans Phenolic Composition: Contribute from the Unexplored Portuguese Germplasm. Foods, 8(8), 296.

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Fluorescence Spectral Analysis of Phenolic Compounds

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To achieve the attribution of the fluorescence spectral regions, phenolic compounds standards (98–99% purities), including methyl syringate, caffeic, ferulic, syringic, and vanillic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Also, kaempferol, catechin, and phenolic acids (sinapic, gentisic, ellagic, chlorogenic, homogentisic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, gallic) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Geney, France). Standards were dissolved in MS-grade acetonitrile solution (0.01 mg/mL) (Sigma- Aldrch Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

Xagoraris M., Revelou P.K., Arvanitis N., Basalekou M., Pappas C.S, & Tarantilis P.A. (2021). The application of right-angle fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool to distinguish five autochthonous commercial Greek white wines. Current Research in Food Science, 4, 815-820.

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Phytochemical Analysis Protocol

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Acetonitrile, water (HPLC), methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethyl ether, albumin standard, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and paraffin wax was obtained from Merck (Germany). Streptozotocin (STZ) was obtained from Sigma Chemicals Co (St. Louis, MO, USA). Referent HPLC standards (chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, hyperoside, iso quercetin, ellag-ic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, morin, resveratrol, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, gallic acid, cyanidin chloride, cynanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, pro-cyanidin B1, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic acid ethyl ester, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, epicatechin and phloridzin) (HPLC grade, ≥99% purity) were obtained from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). The other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany.

Vukmirović S., Ilić V., Tadić V., Čapo I., Pavlović N., Tomas A., Paut Kusturica M., Tomić N., Maksimović S, & Stilinović N. (2023). Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Properties of Morus nigra L.. Antioxidants, 12(2), 382.

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Standardized Phytochemical Characterization

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The standard compounds and reagents (all of analytical grade): MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), gallic acid, Na₂CO₃, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, resazurin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, acetonitrile (LC-MS grade, gradient grade), formic acid, 4-methoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde, caffeic acid, quercetin, luteolin and pinostrobin PBS were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The standards of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic, isoferulic acid, pinobanksin, chrysin, sakuranetin, naringenin, apigenin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, acacetin and pinocembrin were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France) and galangin from Alfa Aesar, (Haverhill, MA, USA). The antibiotics: ampicillin, oxacillin, teicoplanin, gentamicin, amikacin, fusidic acid, erythromycin, mupirocin, rifampicin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, linezolid, bacitracin were purchased from Argenda (Poland). Methanol, ethanol, vanillin, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid were purchased from (POCH, Gliwice, Poland). Ultrapure H₂O (18.0 MΩ) was obtained with a Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The absorbance of the reaction mixture in Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH assays were measured using a Genesys 20 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Grecka K., Kuś P.M., Okińczyc P., Worobo R.W., Walkusz J, & Szweda P. (2019). The Anti-Staphylococcal Potential of Ethanolic Polish Propolis Extracts. Molecules, 24(9), 1732.

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Antioxidant Compound Characterization Protocol

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2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Methanol (LC-MS grade) was purchased from Chem-Lab (Zedelgem, Belgium). Formic acid (LC-MS grade) was purchased from Fischer Scientific (Madrid, Spain); Trolox was purchased from Acrὸs organics (Morris, NJ, USA). Water (LC/MS grade) was purified using a Millipore Direct-Q 3UV apparatus (18.2 mΩ*sec). Standard compounds (catechin, procyanidin B1, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, myricetin glucoside, kaempferol glucoside, quercitrin, quercetin 3.4-di-O-glucoside, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, amentoflavone, hypericin) were purchased from ExtraSynthese (Genay, France) and hyperforin was purchased from ChromaDex (Los Angeles, CA, USA).

Kakouri E., Trigas P., Daferera D., Skotti E., Tarantilis P.A, & Kanakis C. (2023). Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Nine Hypericum Species from Greece. Antioxidants, 12(4), 899.

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Saffron Extract Standardized for Clinical Trial

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The saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigmas were extracted in the factory of Pharmactive Biotech Products S. L. in Madrid (Spain) to produce the commercial saffron extract, branded as affron®, and dosed in tablets as preferred galenic form for the in vitro digestion and the clinical trial. Each tablet contained 14 mg of dried affron® standardised to ≥3.5% lepticrosalides®, defined as the content of bioactive compounds including Safranal and crocin by HPLC [12 (link), 13 (link)], together with the following excipients: microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrogen phosphate, povidone, croscarmellose sodium, colloidal anhydrous silica, and magnesium stearate as excipients and coated with hypromellose (HPMC), macrogol (PEG) 8000, and carnauba wax.
Safranal, crocetin, p-nitroaniline, and digestive enzymes were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Kaempferol was purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France), and trans-crocin-4 was purchased from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). All the solvents used for the chromatographic analyses were of HPLC grade and purchased from Merck and VWR (Pennsylvania, United States).

Almodóvar P., Briskey D., Rao A., Prodanov M, & Inarejos-García A.M. (2020). Bioaccessibility and Pharmacokinetics of a Commercial Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Extract. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2020, 1575730.

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Comprehensive Analytical Standards for Antioxidant Assays

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For the online ABTS with HPLC-DAD and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), the following standards were used: naringenin, gallic acid, catechin hydrate, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, luteolin, sinapic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, phenylisothiocyanate, quercetin, ellagic acid, tyramine, pyrogallol, and vanillic acid, which were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Sydney, Australia). Epicatechin and kaempferol were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).

Hussain S., Rehman A.U., Luckett D.J., Blanchard C.L., Obied H.K, & Strappe P. (2019). Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Properties from Canola Meal Extracts Inhibit Adipogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(1), 1.

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