Gallic

2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), gallic acid, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Merck (Sigma Aldrich, Beijing, China). De Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) and M17 media were obtained from Thermo Fisher Biochemicals (Shanghai, China).

Sucrose, caffeic, gallic, 4‐hydroxy benzoic, tannic, and malic acids were procured from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and phosphoric acid (85%), sodium acetate (CH₃COONa), potassium chloride, HCl (37%), and sodium hydroxide were procured from Sigma–Aldrich companies (St. Louis, USA).

Standards of phenolic acids (gallic, vanillic, trans-ferulic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, 3,4-dihidroxybenzoic sinapic, chlorogenic and syringic acids) with purity ≥ 95–99%, rutin (≥94%) and quercetin (≥95%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Stock solutions were prepared by dissolving the solid compounds in methanol obtaining concentrations of 1.0 mg/mL. Methanol HPLC (99.9%), acetonitrile HPLC (99.9%), acetic acid (99.8%), trifluoroacetic acid (99%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) (98%) and 2N Folin–Ciocalteu reagent were purchased from Mersk (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethyl acetate, acetone and chloroform were purchased from J.T. Baker (Holland, The Netherlands).

Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, gallic acid and anhydrous sodium carbonate used were products of Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Quercetin and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl), Ascorbic acid and starch were products of Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), Iron chloride, ACE, porcine pancreatic α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) were products of Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Iron (III) chloride 6-hydrate and trichloroacetic acid Fisher products. All other chemicals used were purchased from Rovet Scientific Limited, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The distilled water used was obtained from the Chemistry Department at Federal University of Technology, Akure. Optical absorbance was measured with a UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Model 6305; Jenway, Barloworld Scientific, Dunmow, United Kingdom). Methanol, acetic, gallic, caffeic ellagic acid, kaempferol and chlorogenic acids were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Catechin, ,epiCatechin, Quercetin, quercitrin,isoquercitrin and rutin were acquired from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) was performed with a Shimadzu Prominence Auto Sampler (SIL-20A) HPLC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), equipped with Shimadzu LC-20AT reciprocating pumps connected to a DGU 20A5 degasser with a CBM 20A integrator, SPD-M20A diode array detector and LC solution 1.22 SP1 software.

Chemicals and reagents used such as thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 1,10-phenanthroline, deoxyribose, acetonitrile, acetic, gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Catechin, coumarin, quercetin, quercitrin, rutin, luteolin and kaempferol were acquired from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Folin-Ciocalteau’s reagent were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and MDA were sourced from Sigma-Aldrich, Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Hydrogen peroxide, methanol, acetic acid, and HCl were sourced from BDH Chemicals Ltd. (Poole, England). Sodium carbonate, AlCl₃, potassium acetate, Tris–HCl buffer, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), FeSO₄, potassium ferricyanide and ferric chloride were of analytical grade. A UV-visible spectrophotometer (Model 6305; Jenway, Barlo world Scientific, Dunmow, United Kingdom) was used to measure absorbance. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) was performed with a Shimadzu Prominence Auto Sampler (SIL-20A) HPLC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), equipped with Shimadzu LC-20AT reciprocating pumps connected to a DGU 20A5 degasser with a CBM 20A integrator, SPD-M20A diode array detector and LC solution 1.22 SP1 software.

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (semisolid) and Sabouraud Dextrose Broth were from Difco Laboratories (Michigan, MI, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile, and formic, gallic, chlorogenic, ellagic, and caffeic acids were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Antifungal agents fluconazole and nistatina, catechin, quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin, kaempferol, ethanol, methyl alcohol, hexane, ethyl acetate, Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent, gallic acid, sodium carbonate, aluminium chloride, quercetin, DPPH, ascorbic acid, sodium acetate, TPTZ, ferric chloride, and ferrous sulfate were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) was performed with the system of HLPC (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), autosampler prominence (SIL-20A), equipped with high-pressure plunger pumps LC-20AT Shimadzu connected to DGU degasser 20A5 with integrator CBM 20A, UV-VIS detector DAD (diode) SPD-M20A, and software solution LC 1,22 SP1. The absorbance measurements were obtained using EnSpire® multimode plate reader (PerkinElmer, USA). All chemical products were of the highest analytical grade.

Acetonitrile, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic, vanillic, gallic, p-coumaric, ferulic, caffeic and ellagic acids, pyrogallol, epicatechin, catechin, quercetin, luteolin (≥95.0–98%), Man Rogosa Sharpe agar and other chemicals were purchased from Merck, Germiston, South Africa.