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8 protocols using phosphor akt s473

1

Immunoblotting Analysis of Signaling Pathways

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Cells were lysed in NP40 buffer and analyzed by standard immunoblotting protocols. Antibodies used were directed against: ERK1/2, phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-STAT3, phosphor-Akt S473, IRS1, phospho-IRS1 S636/639, IGF-1R, phospho-S6 ribosomal protein, phosphor-4E-BP1, cyclin D1, cleaved caspase 3 (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA); β-catenin, SHP2, IRS1, GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA); and α-tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich). Secondary antibodies were from Cell Signaling. Detection was done using Clarity Western ECL Substrate (Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA). Densitometric analysis was perfomed using Quantity One Software (Biorad).
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2

Immunohistochemical and ELISA Analysis

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Fluorescent-labelled antibodies for flow cytometry were from eBioscience. Immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed with antibodies to Ki-67, MUC2 (GeneTex), active caspase 3, ERK1/2, phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK, phospho-NF-κB p65, phospho-STAT3, phosphor-Akt S473, phosphor-Akt T308 (Cell Signaling), β-catenin, HDAC1, NF-κB p65, p38 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), CD11b, gp38, Lyve1, EpCam (eBioscience), CD31 (BD), α-smooth muscle actin (Abcam) and α-tubulin (Sigma). Secondary antibodies (host: donkey) for fluorescent microscopy labelled with Alexa 488 or 594 were from Life Technology. For ELISA analysis of IL-6, colonic tumors were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS for overnight and supernatant was analyzed by IL-6 ELISA kit from eBioscience. Cytokine concentration was normalized to the weight of tumors in each well.
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3

ARF6 activation in infected cells

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GTP-bound ARF6 in infected monolayers was measured per the manufacturer’s instructions (Cytoskeleton, Inc.). Briefly, cells were infected at an MOI of 300:1 (as described above), followed by incubation for an additional 10 or 30 min, lysis on ice, and harvesting and snap-freezing of the lysate. Two hundred fifty micrograms of each lysate was incubated with beads covalently conjugated to the ARF6 binding domain of GGA3 for 1 h at 4°C. Beads were washed and recovered. Bound ARF6 was resolved by SDS-PAGE and analyzed using ARF6 antibody (gift of J. Donaldson). Other antibodies used were phosphor-Akt S473 and pan-Akt (Cell Signaling) and ARNO (Abcam ab56510).
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4

Immunoblotting Analysis of Signaling Pathways

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Cells were lysed in NP40 buffer and analyzed by standard immunoblotting protocols. Antibodies used were directed against: ERK1/2, phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-STAT3, phosphor-Akt S473, IRS1, phospho-IRS1 S636/639, IGF-1R, phospho-S6 ribosomal protein, phosphor-4E-BP1, cyclin D1, cleaved caspase 3 (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA); β-catenin, SHP2, IRS1, GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA); and α-tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich). Secondary antibodies were from Cell Signaling. Detection was done using Clarity Western ECL Substrate (Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA). Densitometric analysis was perfomed using Quantity One Software (Biorad).
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5

Evaluation of IGF-1R Signaling Pathways

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Eca-109 and HEK-293T cells were cultured in DMEM and TE-1 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis) at 37°C and 5% CO2. Anti-IGF-1R(H60), anti-GRK2(C15), anti-GRK6(C-20), anti-ubiquitin(P4D1), β-arrestin-1(K16) and anti-GAPDH(FL-335)antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.(Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Antibodies for IGF-1R, phosphor-IGF-1R (Tyr 1135), phosphor-ERK1/2(Thr202/Tyr204) and phosphor-Akt (S473) were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, USA). Antibodies against β-arrestin-1 was purchased from abcam(Cambridge, MA). IGF-1was from Life Technologies. The other reagents were from Beyotime (Jiangsu, China).
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6

Gastrocnemius Muscle Ischemia Signaling

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Gastrocnemius muscle from the left (non-ischemic) and right (ischemic) hindlimbs was excised on day 21 after surgery, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until ready for tissue homogenization and processing. The following antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA: PAK1 (#2602), PAK2 (#2608), pPAK2 (Ser20) (#2607), PAK3 (#2609), pan AKT (#4691) phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) (#4377), phosphor-AKT (S473) (#9271) and (T308) (#4056). GAPDH antibody (sc-25778) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, Santa Cruz, CA. HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI.
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7

Immunofluorescent and Immunoblot Analyses of GBM Tumor Markers

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Immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining were performed as described65 (link), 66 (link). Specific antibodies against POSTN (Abcam, ab14041, 1: 400), GSC marker SOX2 (Millipore, AB5603, 1:200; Santa Cruz, sc-17320, 1:200) or OLIG2 (R&D systems, AF2418, 1:100), endothelial cell marker Glut1 (Millipore, 07-1401, 1:500) or CD31 (Dako, M082301, 1:100), and macrophage markers Iba1 (Abcam, ab5076, 1:200), CD11b (Abd serotec, MCA711GT, 1:100), Fizz1 (Abcam, ab39626, 1:100), CD163 (Santa Cruz, sc-33560, 1:100), F4/80 (Abd serotec, MCA497RT, 1:100), CX3CR1 (Abcam, ab8021, 1:100) or CCR2 (Abcam, ab32144, 1:100) were used for immunofluorescent staining on GBM tumor sections as indicated. Specific antibodies against POSTN (Abcam, ab14041, 1: 10,000), tubulin (Sigma, T8203, 1:10,000), phosphor-S473 Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, 9271, 1:1,000), Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, 9272, 1:1,000) were used for immunoblot analyses. To determine TAM density, cryosections of GBM tumors were co-stained with Iba1 (or CD11b) and Glut1. The numbers of Iba1+ (or CD11b+) cells were calculated by ImageJ. Glut1 positive areas were regarded as vessels and determined by ImageJ. For TAMs density in each sample, the number of Iba1+ (or CD11+) cells was divided by vessel area for normalization to exclude the individual variation in vascularization. The final outcome was defined as the TAM density.
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8

Immunofluorescent and Immunoblot Analyses of GBM Tumor Markers

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Immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining were performed as described65 (link), 66 (link). Specific antibodies against POSTN (Abcam, ab14041, 1: 400), GSC marker SOX2 (Millipore, AB5603, 1:200; Santa Cruz, sc-17320, 1:200) or OLIG2 (R&D systems, AF2418, 1:100), endothelial cell marker Glut1 (Millipore, 07-1401, 1:500) or CD31 (Dako, M082301, 1:100), and macrophage markers Iba1 (Abcam, ab5076, 1:200), CD11b (Abd serotec, MCA711GT, 1:100), Fizz1 (Abcam, ab39626, 1:100), CD163 (Santa Cruz, sc-33560, 1:100), F4/80 (Abd serotec, MCA497RT, 1:100), CX3CR1 (Abcam, ab8021, 1:100) or CCR2 (Abcam, ab32144, 1:100) were used for immunofluorescent staining on GBM tumor sections as indicated. Specific antibodies against POSTN (Abcam, ab14041, 1: 10,000), tubulin (Sigma, T8203, 1:10,000), phosphor-S473 Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, 9271, 1:1,000), Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, 9272, 1:1,000) were used for immunoblot analyses. To determine TAM density, cryosections of GBM tumors were co-stained with Iba1 (or CD11b) and Glut1. The numbers of Iba1+ (or CD11b+) cells were calculated by ImageJ. Glut1 positive areas were regarded as vessels and determined by ImageJ. For TAMs density in each sample, the number of Iba1+ (or CD11+) cells was divided by vessel area for normalization to exclude the individual variation in vascularization. The final outcome was defined as the TAM density.
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