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6 protocols using anti glp 1r

1

Western Blot Analysis of Apoptotic Markers

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Western blot tests were performed as previously reported (Sozen et al., 2009 (link)). Briefly, the whole left hemisphere was isolated and collected 24 hours after SAH (n=6 per group). Equal amounts of protein samples were loaded onto each lane of SDS-PAGE gel. After electrophoresis, the samples were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane, which was blocked with a blocking solution for 2 hours. The membrane was incubated at 4 °C overnight with the following primary antibody: anti-Bax (1:500, NBP1-28566, Novus Biologicals, CO, USA), anti-Bcl-2 (1:1000, ab59348), anti-PI3K (phospho Y607) (1:1000, ab182651) (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-Akt (1:1000, #9272), anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473) (1:1000, #9271), anti-Bcl-xl (1:1000, #2764) (Cell signaling, Boston, MA, USA), anti-GLP-1R (1:200, sc-390774), and anti-β-actin (1:5000, I-19) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Texas, USA). Appropriate secondary antibodies (1:5000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., and anti-rabbit 2839792, EMD Millipore Corporation, MA, USA) were selected to incubate with the membrane for 2 hours in room temperature. The bands were detected with an ECL regents (Amersham Biosciences UK Ltd, PA, USA) and quantified by densitometry with Image J software (Image J 1.4, NIH, USA). β-actin was blotted on the same membrane as loading control.
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2

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

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Protein extraction and western blot were performed as previously described (23 (link)). Briefly, total proteins were extracted from RAW264 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages using a RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Biotech Inc., China) supplemented with Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail tablets (Roche, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Total protein concentrations were assayed with the BCA protein assay kit (Applygen, China). The protein concentration was diluted to 2 μg/μL in every sample. Approximately 40 μg of protein in every sample were fractionated by gel electrophoresis, and transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore, USA), blocked with 5% skim milk for 1 h, and then incubated with primary antibodies including anti-IκBα, anti-p-IκBα, anti-NF-κB, anti-GLP-1R, and anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz, USA) at 4°C overnight. The membrane was next incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies for 1 h after three washes with TBST. Signals were tested by enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagent (Thermo Scientific, USA) and protein expressions were calculated by normalization to β-actin. All detection reactions were repeated three times. Western blots showed in the figures are representative of three independent experiments.
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3

Immunohistochemistry of Rat Brain after SAH

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The brain samples for immunohistochemistry staining were prepared following previously reported procedures (Enkhjargal et al., 2016 ). Briefly, animals were deeply anesthetized at 24 hours after SAH and intracardially perfused with 60 mL ice-cold PBS followed by 60 mL of 10% paraformaldehyde through the upper part of the body. The whole brain was collected and fixed in 10% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours followed by 30% sucrose for three days. After being frozen at −80 °C, the brains were cut into 10 μm thick coronal sections on a cryostat (LM3050S; Leica Microsystems, Bannockburn, III, Germany). Double fluorescence labeling was processed as previously described (Enkhjargal et al., 2014 (link)). Brain sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibody including anti-GFAP (1:500, ab53554), anti-NeuN (1:500, ab177487), anti-iba-1 (1:500, ab107159) (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), and anti-GLP-1R (1:50, sc-390774, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.). Corresponding secondary antibodies (1:500, Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, PA, USA) were incubated with the sections at room temperature for 2 hours. The sections were visualized and photographed with a fluorescence microscope (Leica Microsystems, Germany).
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4

Characterization of GLP-1R Signaling Pathway

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Cell culture media, active human GLP-1 [7–37 fragment], Exendin-4, Exendin-9 [fragment 9-39], aprotinin from bovine lung and all chemicals, unless otherwise stated, were obtained from Sigma Chemical (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Sources for other reagents were as follows: KH7 (Cayman Chemical, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A.), Fetal Bovine Serum FBS and Alexa Fluor-549 anti-Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (Invitrogen Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA), anti GLP-1R, anti actin, anti PC1/3 (pcsk1), anti PC2, anti proglucagon (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA), anti phospho ERK 44/42 (phospho-44/42 MAPK) (Thr202/Tyr204) and anti-paired box gene 6 (Pax6) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).
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5

Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model

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Streptozotocin (STZ), D-galactose, protease inhibitor cocktail, PhosStop phosphatase inhibitor tablets and DPP-IV inhibitor were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie (Munich, Germany). The glucose measuring kit (Greiner Diagnostic Glucose GOD-PAD-PAP) was acquired from Dijagnostika (Sisak, Croatia). The Amplex Red Galactose/Galactose Oxidase Kit was purchased from Invitrogen (Eugene, OR, USA). The ELISA Kits for rat/mouse insulin, active GLP-1 and total GLP-1 were acquired from Merck Millipore (Billerica, USA).
The following antibodies were used: anti-GLP-1R / Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), monoclonal anti-β-actin / Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) as well as anti-mouse IgG horseradish peroxidase-linked antibody and anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase-linked antibody acquired from CellSignaling (Beverly, MA, USA). The chemiluminescent Western blot detection kit (SuperSignal West Femto Chemiluminescent Substrate) was acquired from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA). The Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 555 was acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) and donkey serum from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie (Munich, Germany).
Colourimetric and fluorimetric measurements were performed on an Infinite F200 PRO multimodal microplate reader (Tecan, Switzerland).
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6

Immunoblotting Analysis of GLP-1R and RAGE Proteins

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Total protein samples were mixed with sample buffer, boiled for 5 minutes, separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, and electroblotted to nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Chicago, IL, USA). The nitrocellulose membranes were blocked in blocking buffer, incubated with human anti-GLP-1R or anti-RAGE (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) antibodies, washed, and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. Signals were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescent detection.
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