Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols

Paraoxon

Manufactured by Chem Service
Visit Supplier

Paraoxon is a laboratory chemical used as a reference standard and analytical reagent. It is the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. Paraoxon has applications in the research and development of analytical methods and testing procedures, particularly in the fields of toxicology and environmental analysis.

Automatically generated - may contain errors

Lab products found in correlation

Diazepam, by Pfizer (1 mentions) Pilocarpine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Pyridine 2 aldoxime methochloride 2 pam, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Diazoxon, by Chem Service (1 mentions) Chlorpyrifos oxon, by Chem Service (1 mentions) Horseradish peroxidase, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Nadph, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Coumarin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Amplex red reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Menadione, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Superoxide dismutase, by Merck Group (1 mentions) 5 5 dithiobis 2 nitrobenzoic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Glucose 6 phosphate (g6p), by Roche (1 mentions) 7 ethoxyresorufin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Acetylthiocholine chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Recombinant human acetylcholinesterase, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cyp1a2, by BD (1 mentions) Cyp2b6, by BD (1 mentions) Cyp2c9, by BD (1 mentions)

7 protocols using paraoxon

1

Pharmacological Reagent Preparation Protocol

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
Paraoxon was purchased from Chem Service (West Chester, PA). Pilocarpine hydrochloride and pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Diazepam (Hospira, Lake Forest, IL) was purchased as a stock solution dissolved in 0.9% saline from the University of Washington Medical Center Pharmacy. SR141716 was obtained from the NIDA Drug Supply Program (Bethesda, MD) and was prepared in pharmasolve/cremophor RH40 (pharmasolve: cremophor RH40: drug, 1:9:40). CP55940 was obtained from the NIDA Drug Supply Program and was prepared in a vehicle solution consisting of cremophor RH40: ethanol: saline (1:1:18). All drugs except for SR141716 and CP55940 were made as stock solutions in 0.9% saline.
Kow R.L., Cheng E.M., Jiang K., Le J.H., Stella N, & Nathanson N.M. (2014). Muscarinic M1 receptor and cannabinoid CB1 receptor do not modulate paraoxon-induced seizures. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, 3(1), e00100.
+ Open protocol
+ Expand
2

Plasma Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
The rate of PON-1 enzyme activity was determined in the blood plasma from the patients using paraoxon and diazoxon as substrates (Chem Service, Inc., West Chester, PA). The plasma level of interleukin (IL)-6 was calculated using the sandwich-ELISA kit (cat. no. c-Kit Elisa LS-F25956) purchased from the Bioassay Technology Laboratory, Birmingham, UK. The levels of other biochemical parameters were evaluated from collected blood samples.
Beyond these biochemical parameters the other important clinical parameters including ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) were also evaluated.
Zhang Y., Wu M, & Mao C. (2024). Risk factors and their association with mortality in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis or/and kidney transplant patients or late-stage chronic kidney disease: A single center, prospective observational study. Medicine, 103(1), e36805.
+ Open protocol
+ Expand
3

Evaluation of Nerve Agent and Pesticide Toxicity

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
The five CWNAs evaluated were tabun (GA; O-ethyl N,N-dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate), sarin (GB; O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), soman (GD; O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate), cyclosarin (GF, cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate), and VX (O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate). They were obtained from the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD). The purity values of the CWNAs were >98.5 percent as determined by gas chromatography. Chlorpyrifos oxon (purity ≥98 percent) and paraoxon (purity ≥98 percent) were purchased from Chem Service, Inc, West Chester, PA. Phorate oxon (purity ≥97.1 percent) was synthesized at Battelle’s Analytical Chemistry Development Department (Columbus, OH). GB, GD, GF, and VX were diluted in 0.9 percent saline; GA and phorate oxon were diluted in multisol (a biocompatible solution of 48.5 percent water, 40 percent propylene glycol, 10 percent ethanol, and 1.5 percent benzyl alcohol, all v/v); and Chlorpyrifos oxon and paraoxon were diluted in ethanol (99.96 percent), with the dosing solution concentration of each pesticide being limited to that which would allow the total volume of ethanol injected to be no more than 0.06 percent (v/w) of the body mass.
Wilhelm C.M., Snider T.H., Babin M.C., Jett D.A., Platoff GE J.r, & Yeung D.T. (2014). A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Efficacy of Leading Oxime Therapies in Guinea Pigs Exposed to Organophosphorus Chemical Warfare Agents or Pesticides. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 281(3), 254-265.
+ Open protocol
+ Expand
4

Paraoxon Inoculation Preparation

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
Paraoxon (99.1% pure) was obtained from ChemService Inc. (West Chester, PA), diluted in sterile water to obtain a stock solution of 1 mg/ml and maintained at RT protected from light. Inoculation doses were prepared 12–24 h prior to use in 1 ml in PBS, pH 6.8 at 0.7 mg/ml.
Rosenberg Y.J., Wang J., Ooms T., Rajendran N., Mao L., Jiang X., Lees J., Urban L., Momper J.D., Sepulveda Y., Shyong Y.J, & Taylor P. (2017). Post-exposure treatment with the oxime RS194B rapidly reactivates and reverses advanced symptoms of lethal inhaled paraoxon in macaques. Toxicology letters, 293, 229-234.
+ Open protocol
+ Expand
5

Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Assay Protocol

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
Recombinant human acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase, horseradish peroxidase, NADPH, menadione, acetylthiocholine chloride, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), 7-ethoxyresorufin, tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide, and coumarin were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Parathion, paraoxon, and diethylthiophosphate were from Chem Service Inc. (West Chester, PA). Amplex Red reagent was from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Recombinant human CYPs (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP 3A7), and pooled human liver microsomes were purchased from BD Gentest (Woburn, MA). Recombinant human CPR, Vivid P450 substrates, 7-ethoxy-methyloxy-3-cyanocoumarin (EOMCC) and 7-benzyloxy-methyloxy-3-cyanocoumarin (BOMCC), 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin and dibenzylfluorescein were from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). Glucose-6-phosphate and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were from Roche Diagnostic (Indianapolis, IN).
Jan Y.H., Richardson J.R., Baker A.B., Mishin V., Heck D.E., Laskin D.L, & Laskin J.D. (2015). Vitamin K3 (menadione) redox cycling inhibits cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism and inhibits parathion intoxication. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 288(1), 114-120.
+ Open protocol
+ Expand
6

Paraoxon Dilution and Dosing Protocol

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
Paraoxon (99.1% pure) was obtained from ChemService Inc. (West Chester, PA), diluted in sterile water to obtain a stock solution of 1 mg/ml and maintained at RT protected from light. Doses were prepared (2 ml in PBS pH 6.8) at 12–24 hr prior to use. Handling of Px and loading of syringes were performed in a biological safety cabinet.
Rosenberg Y., Fink J., MacLoughlin R., Ooms-Konecny T., Sullivan D., Gerk W., Mao L., Jiang X., Lees J., Urban L, & Rajendran N. (2019). Aerosolized recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase delivered by a nebulizer provides long term protection against inhaled paraoxon in macaques. Chemico-biological interactions, 309, 108712.
+ Open protocol
+ Expand
7

Characterization of OP Toxicants

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
Figure 1 shows the chemical structures of the three OP toxicants studied. Paraoxon (O,O’-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate; PO) (98.6% purity by HPLC) was purchased from ChemService (West Chester, PA). A 10 mM stock solution of Paraoxon was prepared in 100% dry ethanol and kept desiccated under nitrogen at −80°C until use.
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (2-[fluoro(propan-2-yloxy)phosphoryl]oxypropane; DFP) (99% purity by NMR) was kindly provided by Derik Heiss at Battelle Memorial Institute (Columbus, OH) and stored as provided at −80°C25 . Echothiophate iodide (2-diethoxyphosphorylsulfanylethyl(trimethyl)azanium; EthP) was originally obtained from Wyeth Ayerst and was a kind gift from Dr. Oksana Lockridge (University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE)26 (link),27 (link). Butyrylthiocholine iodide and all other chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Hester K.P., Bhattarai K., Jiang H., Agarwal P.K, & Pope C. (2019). Engineering Dynamic Surface Peptide Networks on ButyrylcholinesteraseG117H for Enhanced Organophosphosphorus Anticholinesterase Catalysis. Chemical research in toxicology, 32(9), 1801-1810.
+ Open protocol
+ Expand

About PubCompare

Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.

We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.

However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.

Ready to get started?

Sign up for free.
Registration takes 20 seconds.
Available from any computer
No download required

Sign up now

Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!