The training contents in the HIIT group included non-confrontational basketball training, resistance training (weight training and strength machines), rope skipping and running. The duration of each training session was 60 min, including 10 min of warm-up, 40 min of HIIT session and 10 min of cool down. In each training session, subjects were asked to complete the HIIT session under the training and recovery ratio of 1:0.5. The exercise intensity was monitored by using a heart rate (HR) monitor (Polar TeamPro), and the HR was maintained at 80–85 % of the subjects’ maximum HR (80–85 % HRmax) under the supervision of professional instructors. The average HR was maintained at 150–160 beats per minutes during the HIIT training session and 130–140 beats during the recovery session. The training patterns were short interval training organised by the experienced instructors from Shanghai University of Sports. An exercise training expertise team instructed and supervised the training plan of the HIIT group.
Team pro
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The Team Pro is a lab equipment product from Polar Electro. It is designed to measure and monitor various physiological parameters.
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Lab products found in correlation
11 protocols using team pro
1
High-Intensity Interval Training for Health
2
Multimodal Exercise Interventions for Health
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The MICT group was trained with Tai Chi, mind-body exercise and recreational activity. The average HR during exercise was maintained at 105–125 beats per minute according to the HR monitor (Polar TeamPro) under the supervision of an instructor which obtained 55–65 % HRmax. The duration of the MICT intervention was similar to that of the HIIT intervention, and the training intervention of the two groups was conducted at the same time. Tai Chi for the MICT group was a kind of modified Tai Chi. The recreational activity adopted the ninth edition of ‘Guang Bo Ti Cao’ designed by the China General Administration of Sports, whilst the mind-body exercise adopted a kind of modified Qi Gong, Tai Chi and Yoga with moderate intensity. Each session in the MICT group included 10 min of warm-up, 10 min of recreational activities (Guang Bo Ti Cao), 10 min of mind-body exercise, 20 min of Tai Chi and 10 min of cool down. The duration of Tai Chi in a training session was increased to more than 20 min in the second half of the year, along with the reduction of the training duration of mind-body exercise and recreational activity. One experienced instructor from the Shanghai University of Sport instructed the MICT group.
3
Physiological Demands of Training Methods
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Positional data and heart rate were also collected using Polar Team Pro GPS-unit sampling at 10 Hz on all participants during the warm-up and the three training methods. Total distance covered was measured. High-intensity running was categorised as the distance covered at 12–16 km/h for children, 13–16 km/h in women playing for recreation, and 13–20 km/h for young men. Sprint distance was categorised as the distance covered at >16 km/h for children and women playing for recreation and at >20 km/h for young men. Accelerations counts are divided into two categories for children: low (1.50–2.30 m/s2) and high (>2.30 m/s2). Acceleration counts are divided into three categories for adults: low (1.50–2.14 m/s2), medium (2.14–2.78 m/s2), and high (>2.78 m/s2).
4
Comparing HIIT and Tai Chi Protocols
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The participants were randomly assigned by a computer to the TC (n = 24) or the HIIT group (n = 23) and participated in a single session of exercise. The participants were equipped with a heart rate (HR) monitor (Polar TeamPro, Finland) and then engaged in a 30 min session of TC or HIIT. The TC protocol consisted of a 5 min warm-up, 20 min of modified TC (Zhu et al., 2016 (link)) at 55%–75% maximum heart rate (HRmax), and a 5 min cool-down. The HIIT protocol includes a 5 min warm-up, 20 min of interval exercise, and a 5 min cool-down. The participants performed warm-up and cool-down at a self-determined speed on a treadmill (SH-5921, Shangqiu, China) and completed five cycles of 2 min of running at 85–95% HRmax (estimated as 220 - age) separated by 2 min of self-paced walking. Participants in the HIIT group were allowed to quit the test or ask the experimenter to change the running speed if they felt inadaptable. Ten HR indicators were recorded every 2 min during the 20 min exercise phases of both groups, and the average HR was recorded. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, scale of 6–20) (Borg, 1970 (link)) were assessed every 5 min.
5
Evaluating GPS for Team Sports
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Distance covered in meters was measured from the Polar Team Pro heart rate monitors that used global positioning system (GPS). Although GPS may underestimate DC of court-based movements ( 10 ), GPS for team sports has been shown to have acceptable accuracy and reliability for intermittent nonlinear sprinting ( 8 ). Distance covered is the most commonly reported GPS variable in studies investigating GPS in team sport training and competitions ( 9 ).
6
Monitoring Training Load in Junior Soccer
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To monitor and evaluate the training load in junior soccer players, a Polar Team Pro tracking system based on GPS technology was applied to assess match and training loads of junior soccer players across 10 weeks. Players’ movements were measured by a sensor located on the chest, which continuously monitored the players’ heart rate, total distance, distance in different speed zones, and accelerations (https://www.polar.com/en/b2b_products/team_sports/team_pro ). Speed, distance, and acceleration variables were registered at 10 Hz, whereas heart rate was sampled at 1 Hz. The following locomotor categories were selected for this investigation: running (from 11.0 to 14.9 km·h−1), High-Speed Running (HSR) (from 15.0 to 18.9 km·h−1), and sprinting (≥19.00 km·h−1). These speed zones were the default settings customized for soccer by the producer (https://www.polar.com/en/b2b_products/team_sports/team_pro ). This HSR zone is classified as high-intensity running in other investigations, whereas the sprint zone is classified as very high-intensity running for elite male soccer players [4 (link)]. Acceleration was measured as the number of accelerations ≥ 2.0 m·s−2 [14 (link)]. After training and matches, the data were stored in a cloud-based server database for further off-line processing.
7
Measuring Physiological Arousal in SBE
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Heart rate (HR) is considered a valid tool for measuring physiological
arousal and has been used in a variety of studies to measure anxiety
during SBE experiences (7 (link), 8 (link)). In this study, participants
wore an HR monitor (Polar Team Pro with remote recording) throughout the
SBE experience. Participants were monitored throughout the SBE
experience for their resting HR and HR every 15 minutes
thereafter. Mean HR during the SBE was used during data analyses.
arousal and has been used in a variety of studies to measure anxiety
during SBE experiences (7 (link), 8 (link)). In this study, participants
wore an HR monitor (Polar Team Pro with remote recording) throughout the
SBE experience. Participants were monitored throughout the SBE
experience for their resting HR and HR every 15 minutes
thereafter. Mean HR during the SBE was used during data analyses.
8
Monitoring Movement Characteristics in Sports
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The activity profiles of subjects were measured using 10-Hz global positioning systems (GPS) integrated with a 200-Hz accelerometer (Polar Team Pro, Kempele, Finland), which has been established as valid and reliable for monitoring movement characteristics [24 (link)]. Indoor GPS have been previously administered in basketball and handball [11 (link), 20 (link)]. The GPS tracking system uses the Global Navigation Satellite System network, which incorporates a range of satellites (minimum 4) to estimate the position and calculate distance from the transmitter. GPS signal quality may change depending on location and environmental obstruction, providing a more accurate data recording with a higher number of connected satellites [25 , 26 ]. The number of available satellite signals ranged between 10 and 13, similar to previous team sport research (average 13.9 satellites) [27 (link)]. The total distance covered at different intensities was determined using the following zones [28 (link)]: standing/walking (<6 km·h-1), low-speed running (6.01–12 km·h-1), moderate-speed running (12.01–18 km·h-1), high-speed running (18.01–24 km·h-1), and maximal-speed running (>24 km·h-1). The quantity of accelerations and decelerations performed at different intensities was determined using the following zones [29 (link)]: low (0.5–0.99 m·s-2), medium (1–1.99 m·s-2), and high (>2 m·s-2).
9
High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise for Methamphetamine Withdrawal
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The exercise group underwent high-intensity intermittent exercise to intervene in methamphetamine withdrawal, and the control group received routine rehabilitation therapy. Exercise group training content included non-confrontational basketball training, resistance exercises (strength equipment training), running, and skipping rope. The exercise course lasted 60 min each session, 4 times a week, for a total of 8 months, including 10 min of warm-up exercise, 40 min of basic content exercises, and 10 min of stretching and relaxation exercises. Group heart rate monitoring equipment (Polar Team Pro) was used to monitor heart rate intensity. Supervisors urged trainers to maintain the HR at 76–96% HRmax of the subjects (the maximum heart rate of each person was determined with the VO2max test before the exercise session), allowing HR responses to fluctuate within the target HR range. The average heart rate was maintained at 150–170 beats per minute during training and 120–140 during recovery. The train-to-recovery ratio of subjects during training was 1:0.5. The training mode was organized, supervised, and taught by doctoral and master students majoring in sports human science and sports training at the School of Physical Education of Hunan Normal University.
10
Physiological Demands of Match Play
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Heart Rate During Match Play. Heart rate was continuously measured with a sampling frequency of 5 seconds using a wireless team system (Polar Team Pro, Polar Precision Performance SW 3.0). The data were transferred to a personal laptop computer for analysis. Oxygen uptake during each game was estimated for each subject using the individual linear regression equation between HR and V _ O 2 obtained during the incremental treadmill test.
Activity Categories. Player movements were categorized as walking (0-6$km$h 21 ), jogging (6-12$km$h 21 ), cruise running (12-14$km$h 21 ), striding (14-18$km$h 21 ), highintensity running (18-20$km$h 21 ), and sprinting ($20$km$h 21 ). The speed thresholds for each category are similar to that reported by Cunniffe et al. (15) . Entry into a speed zone was recognized and recorded when a player maintained the relevant running velocity for $2 seconds. The frequency, duration, and distance covered in each speed zone were evaluated.
Activity Categories. Player movements were categorized as walking (0-6$km$h 21 ), jogging (6-12$km$h 21 ), cruise running (12-14$km$h 21 ), striding (14-18$km$h 21 ), highintensity running (18-20$km$h 21 ), and sprinting ($20$km$h 21 ). The speed thresholds for each category are similar to that reported by Cunniffe et al. (15) . Entry into a speed zone was recognized and recorded when a player maintained the relevant running velocity for $2 seconds. The frequency, duration, and distance covered in each speed zone were evaluated.
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