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6 protocols using desipramine hydrochloride

1

Avian HVC Lesions via 6-OHDA Injection

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Juvenile birds received bilateral injection of 200–450 nL 6-OHDA solution into HVC at either ~30 d (mean ± SD: 30.1 ± 4.2 d, range: 25–34 d, n = 7) or ~45 d (mean ± SD: 44.5 ± 3.0 d, range: 39–47 d, n = 6). The solution was PBS-based and included 5–20 mM 6-OHDA hydrochloride (Santa Cruz, sc-203482), 10 mM L-ascorbic acid (MilliporeSigma, A92902), and 1 µM desipramine hydrochloride (Tocris, 3067), which was included as an inhibitor for noradrenaline and serotonin transporters to protect noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons at the injection site. Control birds received injection of PBS with 10 mM ascorbic acid and 1 µM desipramine at ~30 d (mean ± SD: 29.3 ± 3.6 d, range: 22–32 d, n = 7). Drugs were dissolved into PBS immediately before injection in place of equimolar NaCl (Working solution: ~300 mOsm, pH 7.3). After injection, birds were returned to their original home cage until ~45 d when they were isolated in a soundproof box until 90 d.
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2

Avian HVC Lesions via 6-OHDA Injection

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Juvenile birds received bilateral injection of 200–450 nL 6-OHDA solution into HVC at either ~30 d (mean ± SD: 30.1 ± 4.2 d, range: 25–34 d, n = 7) or ~45 d (mean ± SD: 44.5 ± 3.0 d, range: 39–47 d, n = 6). The solution was PBS-based and included 5–20 mM 6-OHDA hydrochloride (Santa Cruz, sc-203482), 10 mM L-ascorbic acid (MilliporeSigma, A92902), and 1 µM desipramine hydrochloride (Tocris, 3067), which was included as an inhibitor for noradrenaline and serotonin transporters to protect noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons at the injection site. Control birds received injection of PBS with 10 mM ascorbic acid and 1 µM desipramine at ~30 d (mean ± SD: 29.3 ± 3.6 d, range: 22–32 d, n = 7). Drugs were dissolved into PBS immediately before injection in place of equimolar NaCl (Working solution: ~300 mOsm, pH 7.3). After injection, birds were returned to their original home cage until ~45 d when they were isolated in a soundproof box until 90 d.
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3

Modeling Parkinson's Disease in Mice

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6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide with ascorbic acid: Sigma-Aldrich #H116-5MG) injections were made into the medial forebrain bundle of P120 female mice as previously described (Thiele et al., 2012 (link)). 30 min before 6-OHDA injection, a solution containing 0.5 mg/ml pargyline (Sigma Aldrich #P8013) and 2.5 mg/ml desipramine hydrochloride (Tocris #3067) was injected i.p. at a dose of 5 mg/kg pargyline and 25 mg/kg desipramine. 200 nl of freshly prepared 15 mg/ml 6-OHDA in sterile saline + 0.02% ascorbic acid were injected into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB, coordinates from bregma: M/L ± 1.2 mm, A/P 1.2 mm, D/V –4.90 mm). Adult female wild-type mice were used as younger mice and male mice showed poor recovery following injection. 250–350 µl of meloxicam (5–10 mg/kg dose) was injected subcutaneously as an analgesic.
Mice were monitored daily following the injection to ensure recovery. Kitten Milk Replacement (Santa Cruz #sc-362120) was fed to mice daily for up to 2 wk following the injection to aid recovery and meloxicam was injected subcutaneously to alleviate pain if necessary. Motor function was assessed using the cylinder test each week following the injection (see below). 4 wk following 6-OHDA injection, mice were quickly anesthetized using isoflurane and decapitated, and their brains were fresh-frozen as described above for FISH.
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4

Pharmacological Modulators of Neurotransmission

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Phenylephrine hydrochloride, acetylcholine hydrochloride, tyramine hydrochloride, and inhibitors were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (citalopram hydrochloride, desipramine hydrochloride, fluoxetine hydrochloride, nisoxetine hydrochloride, prazosin hydrochloride, tetrabenazine) or Tocris Bioscience (part of R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN; LY53857, GBR 12935, Sibutramine metabolite 2 BTS 54-505).
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5

Radioligand Binding Assay Protocols

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[3H]SCH23390 (specific activity 60 Ci/mmol, KD = 0.7 nM, Bmax = 347 fmol/mg according to Schulz et al. (1985 (link))), [3H]Raclopride (specific activity 80 Ci/mmol, KD = 2.08 nM, Bmax = 20.0 fmol/mg according to Hall et al. (1990 (link))) and [3H]Mazindol (specific activity 17.8 Ci/mmol, KD = 18.2 nM, Bmax = 0.0073 fmol/mg (Javitch et al., 1984 (link))) were from PerkinElmer (Massachusetts, USA), bacitracin, bovine serum albumin, ascorbin acid, nomifensine maleate salt from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and desipramine hydrochloride, SKF, sulpiride from Tocris Biosciences (Bristol, UK). All other reagents were of analytical grade from regular suppliers.
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6

Targeted Dopaminergic Depletion in Bird

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Adult male birds received bilateral injections of either 400nl 6-OHDA solution into HVC or 80–100nl 6-OHDA solution into A11 (N=4 for A11 and N=5 HVC). The solution was PBS-based and included 10–60 mM 6-OHDA hydrochloride (Tocris, 2547), 10 μM l-ascorbic acid (Millipore/Sigma, A92902), and 1 μM desipramine hydrochloride (Tocris, 3067), which was included as an inhibitor for noradrenaline and serotonin transporters to protect noradrenergic and serotonergic neuron terminals at the injection site. Control birds received an injection of PBS with 10 μM ascorbic acid and 1 μM desipramine (N=6 for A11 sham group and N=5 for HVC sham group). Drugs were dissolved in PBS immediately before injection in place of equimolar NaCl (working solution: ~300 mOsm, pH 7.3). After injection, birds were returned to their original home cage until approximately 14 days post injection.
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