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6 protocols using carl imager m1

1

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Neural Markers

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For immunofluorescence analysis, 25 μm serial cryosections were obtained using a CM3050 cryostat (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). After incubation in a blocking buffer (1 × PBS/1% bovine serum albumin/0.3% Triton X-100) for 1 hr at room temperature, sections were incubated with the following primary antibodies overnight in PBS at 4°C: mBDNF (ab75040, Abcam), pTrkB (ab131483, Abcam), TH (sc25269, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc), DAT (sc32259, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc), BrdU (MCA2483, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), NeuN (ABN78, Millipore Corporation), and Iba1 (019–19741, Wako Chemicals, Richmond, VA, USA). Sections were washed with PBST and incubated with fluorescent secondary antibodies (A11001, A11007, or A11037, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA; CA94010, Vector Laboratories, Inc, Burlingame, CA, USA) for 2 hr at room temperature. Sections were mounted onto slides using a mounting medium (H-1200, Vector Laboratories, Inc) and imaged using a fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss Imager M1, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Immunofluorescence was analyzed using the IMT i-Solution Inc 10.1 (17TH-5989 Walter Gage Rd., Vancouver, BC, CA) image analysis software.
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2

In Situ Zymography for Gelatinase and Collagenase

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To detect the activity and location of gelatinase and collagenase, in situ zymography was performed. Dorsal skin tissues were rapidly frozen using 2-methylbutane and liquid nitrogen, and 20-μm cryosections were prepared. Sections were reacted at 37 °C for approximately 8 h in dark humidified chambers with a Molecular Probes EnzChek Gelatinase/Collagenase Assay Kit (Life Technologies, Eugene, OR, USA). After washing, the skins were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin in the dark. To evaluate MMP-9 and MMP-3 co-localization, sections were incubated with primary anti-MMP-9 (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) or anti-MMP-3 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., CA, USA) in antibody dilution buffer (1 × PBS, 1% bovine serum albumin [BSA], and 0.3% Triton X-100) overnight in the dark, followed by washing with PBS. The sections were incubated with the corresponding secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG-TR (Vector Laboratories Inc.) or rabbit anti-goat IgG-TR (Vector Laboratories Inc.) antibody for 2 h at room temperature in the dark, followed by washing with PBS. Subsequently, the slides were mounted using mounting medium (Vector Laboratories Inc.), and images were acquired using a fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss Imager M1, Carl Zeiss Inc.). IMT i-Solution (IMT i-Solution Inc.) was used for automatic measurement of the integrated optical density (IOD).
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3

Brain Tissue Fixation and Immunostaining

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After behavioral assessments, the rats anesthetized with isoflurane received intracardial perfusion with saline, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. The brains were removed, post-fixed in the same fixative for 4 h at 4°C, and immersed in 30% sucrose for 48 h for cryoprotection. Frozen 20 μm-thick sections from bregma 0 to +1 mm were incubated for post-fixation with formaldehyde, and blocked with a blocking buffer (1X PBS/5% normal goat serum/0.3% Triton X-100) for 1 h at room temperature. The sections were incubated with the following primary antibodies to BrdU (MCA2483, AbD Serotec, Hercules, CA, USA), NeuN (ABN78, EMD; Millipore) and MBP (ab40390; Abcam) overnight in PBS at 4°C. After washing with PBS, the sections were incubated with the fluorescent secondary antibodies against horse anti-mouse (FI-2000), goat anti-rabbit (TI-1000) and goat anti-rabbit (FI-1000) (all from Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA) for 2 h at room temperature in the dark, and then washed 3 times with PBS. Subsequently, slides were mounted in mounting medium (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and captured using a fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss Imager M1; Carl Zeiss, Inc., Gottingen, Germany). IMT i-Solution (IMT i-Solution Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada) was used for the automatic measurement of cell counting, thickness and integrated optical density (IOD).
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4

Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress Assay

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HT22 cells were cultured in 96-well white plates at a density of 5x103 cells per well. After adherence, cells were pretreated with PMC-12 for 24 h and then exposed to 5 mM glutamate for 24 h. Treated cells were washed with PBS. Carboxy-H2DCFDA (20 μM) (Invitrogen) was applied to the cells, followed by incubation for 1 h in a 37 °C incubator. Fluorescence was measured using a Mutilabel counter (Perkin Elmer 1420, MA, USA). Accumulation of intracellular ROS was observed and photographed under a fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss Imager M1, Carl Zeiss, Inc., Gottingen, Germany). In addition, cells were harvested, resuspended in 1 ml PBS with 20 μM carboxy-H2DCFDA (Invitrogen), and then incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. After washing, cellular fluorescence was measured using a flow cytometer.
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5

Immunofluorescence Profiling of Murine Brain

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Coronal serial cryosections of both hemispheres, each 25-μm-thick, were obtained. The cryosections were post-fixed with a 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 15 minutes before being washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Following that, the samples were processed using a standard immunofluorescence methodology for cell signaling studies, which involved blocking the samples with antibody dilution buffer (1× PBS with 5% normal goat serum and 0.3% Triton X-100). The following primary antibodies were used to stain the samples at 4℃ overnight: BrdU (OBT0030G, AbD Serotec, Oxford, UK), Dcx (Ab18723, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), NeuN (MAB377 and ABN78, Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA), GFAP (Z0334, DAKO, Santa Clara, CA, USA), and Sox2 (ab79351, Abcam). The following day, after three washes with PBS with Tween 20 (PBST), the samples were incubated with secondary antibodies for 2 hours. The stained brain tissues were mounted using a solution of 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; H-1200, Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). Five brain slices and 10× magnified images of coronal brain sections were selected for cell counting. The number of cells was calculated using i-solution (IMT i-solution Inc.) after capturing images with a fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss Imager M1, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany).
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6

Fluoromyelin-Based Myelin Quantification

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Mouse brain was removed and post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 24 h at 4 °C before cryoprotection in 30% sucrose. Frozen 20-μm sections were rinsed in PBS for at least 20 min. Sections were then incubated with FluoroMyelinTM Green fluorescent myelin stain (1:300, Molecular probes, Eugene, OR, USA) for 20 min at room temperature, and then slides were mounted using mounting medium (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). Semi-quantification of the intensity of fluoromyelin staining was conducted using 10× magnification images that were captured using a fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss Imager M1, Carl Zeiss, Inc., Gottingen, Germany).
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