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1

Immunoblotting Analysis of Immune Signaling

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The procedure for immunoblotting analyses was performed as previously described.21 (link) The following antibodies were used for immunoblotting analyses: cGAS (Novus, NBP1-86761), IRF3 (HUABIO, ET1612-14), P65 (CST, 6956), p-IRF3 (Abcam, ab76493), p-P65 (CST, 3033), HIF-1α (CST, 14179), β-actin (Santa Cruz, sc-47778), anti-mouse IgG (CST, 7076) and anti-rabbit IgG (CST, 7074). Protein bands were visualized by a Tanon 5200 chemiluminescence image analysis system (China).
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Cell Signaling

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Tissue lysates were homogenized in SDS lysis buffer [Cell Signaling Technology (CST), #7722] and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. After blocking in 5% milk in tris-buffered saline and 0.1% Tween 20, membranes were incubated overnight with the following antibodies at 4°C: CASP9 (Abcam, #ab202068), cleaved CASP3 (CST, #9664), RIP3 (Millipore Sigma, #PRS2283), BAX (CST, #2772), BCL2 (CST, #3498), GSDMD (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-393656), NLRP3 (CST, #15101), ACSL4 (Abcam, #ab155282), LC-3 (CST, #2775S), cGAS (CST, #31659), STING (CST, #13647S), TBK1 (CST, #38066), pTBK1 (CST, #5483), IRF3 (CST, #4302), pIRF3 (CST, #4947), p65 (CST, #8242), pp65 (CST, #3033), and GAPDH (CST, #5174). Membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase–conjugated secondary anti-rabbit or anti-mouse antibody (CST, #7074 and #7076) for 1 hour at room temperature. Signal was detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate, #34094; Thermo Fisher Scientific). Western blots were quantified using the Fiji software (58 (link)).
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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Proteins in cell lysates were separated by electrophoresis and transferred to a nitrocellulose Amersham Protran membrane (GE Healthcare). The membrane was blocked for 1 hr in 5% milk in PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20 at 23°C. Then, the membrane was incubated with primary antibody (Ab) diluted in blocking buffer at 4°C overnight. Antibodies used were from the following sources: DNA-PKcs (NeoMarkers, MS-423-P1, diluted 1:1000), Ku70 (AbCam, ab3114, diluted 1:1000), Ku80 (Santa Cruz, sc-1484, 1:500), FLAG (Sigma-Aldrich, F7425, diluted 1:5000), HA (Sigma-Aldrich, H6908, diluted 1:1000), P-IRF3 (Abcam, ab76493, diluted 1:1500), and α-tubulin (Merck Millipore, 05-829, diluted 1:10000). Membranes were probed and visualized with LI-COR Biosciences secondary Abs and the Li-Cor Odyssey infrared imaging system according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A quantification of protein bands was performed, where indicated, by using Odyssey software (LI-COR Biosciences).
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Immune Signaling

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Whole-cell extracts were prepared by lysis and sonication of cells in RIPA buffer (50 mM TRIS, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 1% NP40, 0.5% Sodium deoxycholate, 2 mM EDTA) and then analyzed using standard SDS-PAGE procedures. The primary antibodies were incubated in TBST buffer with 5% BSA over night at 4 °C. The second antibodies were incubated in TBST buffer for 1 h at room temperature. Proteins were visualized with the immobilon western chemilum HRP substrate (Millipore) and imaged by using the Chemiluminescence Imaging System. Antibodies p65 (Cat# 4764, RRID: AB_823578), pP65 (Cat# 3033), TBK1 (Cat# 3504, RRID: AB_2255663), P-TBK1 (Cat# 5483 S), cGAS (Cat# 15102) were purchased from Cell signaling technology. IRF3 (Cat# Ab25950), p-IRF3 (Cat# Ab138449) were purchased from Abcam. Actin was purchased from Proteintech.
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