Nmr lf50

In dams at 13 weeks of age, glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) and body composition measurements (NMR-LF50, Bruker) were performed in a separate group of animals from those used for embryo transfer. In offspring at 13 weeks of age, GTTs and body composition measurements (NMR-LF50, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) were performed. Animals were fasted for 6–8 h, 2 g/kg of glucose was given i.p. and blood glucose was sequentially measured in tail vein blood via clipping of the distal tail (Freestyle Glucometer-Abbott, Princeton, NJ, USA). Fasting serum leptin (ELISA, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), insulin (RIA, Millipore) and NEFA (NEFA-HR kit, Wako Diagnostics, Richmond, VA, USA) were measured in dams and offspring. Liver was harvested at 13 weeks of age from offspring and snap frozen for triacylglycerol analyses using Cayman kits (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) and body composition (NMR-LF50, Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA) were performed at 6 and 30 weeks of age (n = 6–7). Animals were fasted for 6–8 h, then 2 g kg⁻¹ of glucose was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) and blood glucose was sequentially (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) measured in tail vein blood via clipping of the distal tail (Freestyle Glucometer, Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA). Fasting serum leptin (ELISA, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and insulin levels (RIA, Millipore) were also measured in samples obtained from the tail vein. Liver was harvested at 6 and 30 weeks of age and snap frozen and stored at −80°C for measures of triglyceride content (Triglyceride Quantification Kit, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) and metabolomic assays (see below).