Trypsin edta 0.05

Human chondrocytes from healthy donors were purchased from Cell applications (ref. 402‐05a). Human OA chondrocytes were isolated from cartilage that was removed during knee arthroplasty in patients with OA. Fibrillated and macroscopically normal appearing cartilage was included. Cartilage was digested with 0.2% type 2 collagenase overnight. All primary cells were maintained in T75 flasks in ready to use chondrocyte growth medium (Cell application, 411–500), trypsinized and plated directly for the experiments. Trypsin–EDTA 0.05% (VWR, L0930‐500) was used to detach the cells from the flasks. All cells were maintained at 37°C and 5% CO2.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Atlanta Biologicals (Lawrenceville GA). Phenol-red-free, low glucose DMEM, and dichloroacetate (DCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 100x antibiotic-antimycotic was purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA). Trypsin-EDTA 0.05% was obtained from VWR (Radnor, PA).