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44 protocols using anti il 6

1

Peiminine Inhibits NF-κB Signaling

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Peiminine was purchased from MedChem Express (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). ATP and Griess reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The anti-phospho-NF-κB (p65) antibody was acquired from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA). The anti-phospho-IκB, anti-IL-6, anti-MAPK, and anti-COX-2 antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). The anti-β-actin antibody was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA), and the anti-IL-1β antibody was obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA).
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2

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Lung Tissue

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Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was carried out by using MaxVisionTM techniques (Maixin Bio, China) based on the manufacturer's instructions. Firstly, the lung tissue was fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde (Solarbio, Shanghai, China), dehydrated, and paraffin embedded. The 5 μm thick slides were obtained. The deparaffinization and hydration were performed, the slides were then incubated with 3% H2O2 (Sinopharm, China) for 10 min and 0.1% trypsin (Beyotime, China) for 20 min. The primary antibodies were incubated at 4°C overnight and then incubated with HRP-polymer-conjugated secondary antibodies at 37°C for 1 h. The slides were then stained by using the chromogenic reagent diaminobenzidine (DAB, Zhongshan, Beijing, China) for 3 min and counterstained with hematoxylin (Jiancheng, Nanjing, China). An inverted microscope (Olympus, Japan) was employed for image acquisition. The primary antibodies anti-IL-6, anti-JAK1, anti-STAT3, and anti-SOCS3 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST).
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3

Protein Expression Analysis by Western Blot

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Total protein samples were extracted using RIPA lysis buffer. A nucleic acid and protein microanalyzer (Molecular Devices, United States) was used to determine protein concentrations. Western blotting was performed according to a published protocol (Wu et al., 2022 (link)). Primary antibodies were incubated overnight at 4°C as follows: anti-iNOS (Proteintech, 22226-1-AP, 1:5000), anti-PD-L1 (Proteintech, 66248-1-Ig, 1:3000), anti-Arg-1 (Proteintech, 16001-1-AP, 1:2000), anti-GADPH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:10000), anti-CD9 (Proteintech, 20597-1-AP, 1:2000), anti-CD63 (Proteintech, 25682-1-AP, 1:2000), anti-TSG101 (Proteintech, 28283-1-AP, 1:3000), anti-JAK2 (Cell Signaling Technology, 3230S, 1:2000), anti-STAT3 (Proteintech, 10253-2-AP, 1:5000), anti-p-STAT3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9145S, 1:1000), and anti-IL-6 (Cell Signaling Technology, 12912S, 1:1000). The HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (ZSGB-BIO, ZB-2305; ZB-2301) was incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The signal was detected using the ECL method (Beyotime, China, P0018FS). Band density was quantified using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States) for the grayscale intensity of each protein.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Liver Tissue

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The entire left lobe of the mouse livers was excised and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for at least 24 h, embedded in paraffin, and cut to yield 5-µm-thick sections. Following hydration in a decreasing ethanol gradient, all sections were deparaffinized and stained with Harris hematoxylin solution for 5 min at 37°C. For IHC, paraffin-embedded liver tissue samples were cut into 5-µm-thick consecutive sections, dewaxed in xylene, and rehydrated in graded ethanol solutions. Then, the nonspecific binding sites in the tissues were blocked, and the steam cooking method was used for antigen retrieval. The sections were incubated with the following primary antibodies: Anti-p-STAT1 (1:50; product no. 7649; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.); anti-IL-6 (1:100; cat. no. GB11117) and anti-IL-10 (1:100; cat. no. GB11108; both from Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) overnight at 4°C. Then, they were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (1:200; GB23303; Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin.
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5

Detecting Cytokine Protein Levels

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Cell lysates were run on 10% SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and transferred to a PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) membrane. The PVDF was immunoblotted with specific primary antibodies: anti-IL-1β, anti-IL-6, and anti-β actin (Cell Signaling Technologies, Beverly, MA). Antibodies were visualized using an ECL chemiluminescent detection system (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ) and UVP Imager. β-Actin levels were determined for each condition to verify that equal amounts of protein were loaded. In addition, the density of each protein band was normalized to β-actin to correct for slight differences in protein loading among the lanes.
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6

Evaluating Inflammatory Cytokines by Western Blot

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Cell lysates were electrophoresed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (10% acrylamide). The separated proteins were transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and immunoblotted with anti-IL-1β, anti-IL-6, and anti-β- actin primary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technologies, Beverly, MA), followed by incubation with their respective peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. Reactive antibodies bound to their respective antigens were visualized using the ECL chemiluminescent detection system (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ) and the image captured using a UVP gel/blot Imaging System (Analytik Jena, Upland, CA) and analyzed using the UVP Imaging Software. β-actin was used as a loading control. Fold changes in protein expression were evaluated with respect to their appropriate controls.
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7

IL11 and TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway Analysis

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Recombinant proteins: Mouse TGFβ1 (7666-MB, R&D Systems), mouse IL11 (rmIL11, UniProtKB: P47873, GenScript). Antibodies: anti-smooth muscle actin (ab7817, abcam), anti-Collagen I (ab34710, abcam), anti-IL11RA (ab125015, abcam), goat anti-mouse Alexa Flour 488-conjugated secondary antibody (ab150113, abcam), goat anti-rabbit Alexa Flour 488-conjugated secondary antibody (ab150077, abcam), DAPI (D1306, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Primary antibodies for Western blots include: anti-Fibronectin antibody (ab2413, Abcam); anti-IL6 (12912, Cell Signaling); anti-p-ERK1/2 (4370, Cell Signaling), anti-ERK1/2s (4695, Cell Signaling), anti-p-SMAD2 (ab216482, Abcam), anti-p-NF-kB (ab28856, Abcam), anti-p-STAT3 (4113, Cell Signaling), anti-SMAD2 (5339, Cell Signaling), anti-NF-kB (8242, Cell Signaling), anti-STAT3 (4904, Cell Signaling) and anti-GAPDH (2118, Cell Signaling). Monoclonal anti-IL11 antibody (X203), generated in our previous study15 (link), was used to detect IL11 protein expression in tissue lysates. Secondary antibodies for Western blots include: anti-rabbit HRP (7074, Cell Signaling) or anti-mouse HRP (7076, Cell Signaling).
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8

Protein Expression Analysis in Cell Lysates

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Cells were lysed on ice for 30 min in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, and 0.1% SDS supplemented with protease inhibitors (10 g/ml leupeptin, 10 g/ml pepstatin A, and 10 g/ml aprotinin). The proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and detected using anti-IL-6 (#12912, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), anti-p-STAT3 (Y705) (#9145, CST), anti-STAT3 (#9139, CST), anti-non-phospho (active) β-catenin (#19807, CST), and anti-β-actin (#3700, CST) antibodies. The proteins were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence system (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
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9

Kidney Cell Protein Analysis by Western Blot

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Kidney and HK‐2 cells protein were extracted using RIPA buffer including protease inhibitor and PMSF (Heart, China). Samples protein concentration was measured by BCA Protein Quantitative Kit (Heart, China) and then adjusted to equal amounts for running western blot. Antibodies: anti‐p16 (1:1000; Abcam, England), anti‐p21 (1:1000; Abcam, England), anti‐p53 (1:1000; Abcam, England), anti‐Klotho (1:1000; Abcam, England), anti‐NLRP3 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, USA), anti‐eNOS (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, USA), anti‐TGF‐β (1:1000; Abcam, England), anti‐IL‐6 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, USA), anti‐IL‐1β (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, USA), anti‐Smad3 (1:1000; Proteintech, China), anti‐LTBP2 (1:1000; Santa cruz, USA), anti‐Tubulin (1:3000; Proteintech, China) and anti‐Gapdh (1:3000; Proteintech, China) were applied. Membranes were detected by chemiluminescence gel imaging system (FluorChem E; ProteinSimple, USA). Quantification of protein abundance was performed by Image J software 1.8.0.
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10

Molecular Mechanisms of DHED Effects

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17β-dihydroxyestra-1,4-diene-3-one (DHED) and ICI182780 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and Selleck (TX, USA), respectively. The primary antibodies used for Western blot analysis were as follows: anti-TNF-α, anti-IL1β, anti-IL-6, anti-klf5, anti-p-IκB kinase (IKK), anti-inhibitor of NF-κB α (IκBα), anti-tau, anti-p-tau (ser235), and anti-p-tau (ser396) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Anti-GAPDH was from Proteintech Group (Wuhan, China).
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