A tribological test setup according to ISO 6474 and Huber et al. was used to measure the friction coefficient (μR) [22 (link)]. The ring (friction area 160.2 mm²; radiusexternal = 10 mm; radiusinternal = 7 mm) rotated periodically with 1 Hz on the disc (diameter = 25 mm) with an amplitude of ±25°. Axial compression between ring and disc was adjusted with a manually controlled trapezoidal spindle. The compression was measured with a force transducer (HBM, Darmstadt, Germany), while the friction moment was detected with a beam using a half bridge strain gauge (HBM, Darmstadt Germany). This moment was converted into a force by using the geometrical parameters of the specimen (Figure 2 ). Both sensors were connected to a personal computer using an analog digital converter (compactDAQ with NI 9237 & NI 9236 modules; National Instruments, Austin, USA) and a self-written program code on LabVIEW (Version 2011, National Instruments, Austin, USA) to record sensors data continuously with a sample rate of 1000 samples per second.
Ni 9237
Manufactured by National Instruments
Sourced in United States
The NI-9237 is a 4-channel, 24-bit analog input module for National Instruments CompactDAQ and CompactRIO systems. It is designed to measure strain, bridge, and resistive signals with high accuracy and resolution.
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9 protocols using ni 9237
1
Tribological Test Setup for Friction Coefficient
2
Chordal Force Measurement Technique
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Chordal force was measured in a single secondary (strut) chord using a custom developed force transducer (Fig. 6 ). The force gauge utilizes a specially designed cantilever frame for chordal studies and is configured for a full Wheatstone bridge strain gauge measurement for optimal signal-to-noise ratio. The frame attaches to the chord at two points via silk suture before the chord is cut in between, leaving the frame “bridging” the cut chord. The details of this gauge, including the design and construction, are outside the scope of this study and will be presented in a future publication. Data from this force gauge was acquired with a NI (National Instruments, Austin, Texas) cDAQ 9174 acquisition chassis with a NI 9237 strain gauge input module through a custom VI.
3
Pin-on-Disc Tribological Characterization
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The pin-on-disc wear test apparatus was equipped with a double-bending beam force sensor (ME-KD60). The output signal of the KD60 load cell was fed into the NI-9237 module through NI 9949 (RJ-50 to a Screw Terminal Accessory). The module accessed the data at a rate of 50 kS/s and was connected to the NI-compactDAQ controller. A moving average function with Labview was used to smooth out the signal and record the friction force value at 500 ms intervals. On the other hand, an Arduino Uno microcontroller board was used to convert the 4–20 mA output of the infrared laser temperature sensor into 0–5 V signal, and a real-time averaging function was used to smooth out the sensor signal and record the temperature at 500 ms time intervals. Similarly, the DC output signal of the digital sound level meter of 10 mV/dB was handled with an Arduino Uno board, and the friction-induced noise level was recorded after smoothing at time intervals of 500 ms.
4
Oxygen-enriched test module setup
5
Ultrasonic Vibration Joining of Materials
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Ultrasonic-related equipment is primarily composed of an ultrasonic generator (emits electrical signals), a control unit (setting parameters), and an ultrasonic vibration machine (converts electrical signals into vibration signals), as shown in Supplementary Fig. 8 . The ultrasonic vibration device was used to join MGs with a vibration frequency of 20000 Hz (+-500 Hz) and a maximum power of 2500 W. The shape of the vibration in the sonotrode presents a sinusoidal function with an amplitude of 44.4 µm (+-1 μm) (Fig. 1a ). In this UVJ experiment, the sonotrode comes in contact with the sample at an input trigger force (200 N) and then starts vibrating. In order to better control the effect of ultrasonic vibration to the sample, the energy mode was chosen as the abort (stop) criterion. In the joining process, the pressure was measured in real-time using a homemade force gauge, and a data acquisition card (National Instruments NI-9237) with a sampling frequency of 1 kHz was used to process and transfer the data to a computer. The high-speed camera (Revealer X150) was used to capture the joining process. Different types of joining (butt joint of cylindrical, butt joint of sheet, lap joint, T-joint) are realized by using different clamping apparatus. The clamping method of various joining types is shown in Supplementary Fig. 9 .
6
Chordal Force Measurement Apparatus
7
Thermocouple-Based Temperature Measurement of Metal-Glass Joining
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The temperature was measured in real-time using a K-type thermocouple, and a data acquisition card (National Instruments NI-9237) with a sampling frequency of 100 Hz was used to process and transfer the data to a computer, which can achieve an accuracy of 0.2° C. To capture the temperature more accurately, make the thermocouple measurement point located at the interface, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 10 . After the test, to exclude the effect of heat transfer during the measurement, verify that the spilled MGs at the interface cover the thermocouple. An infrared imager (Fotric 280d) was used to detect thermal images of the joining process in air.
8
Biomimetic Setup Interface Development
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A LabVIEW (National Instruments, Texas, USA) based interface was also developed to operate the biomimetic set-up. The interface was used to adjust the positioning of the translational stages and to impose specific sequences of motion by programing the stage motor controller (C.884.4DC, 4 channels, Physik Instrumente, Karlsruhe, Germany). The controller supported functions such as linear vector motion, point-to-point motion, and user-definable trajectories. It also served to record operating data related to stage position. In addition, to facilitate the acquisition of force, a bridge module (NI-9237, National Instruments, Texas, USA) was used to provide an efficient sampling rate (50 kS/s/ch).
9
Biomimetic Setup Interface Development
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A LabVIEW (National Instruments, Texas, USA) based interface was also developed to operate the biomimetic set-up. The interface was used to adjust the positioning of the translational stages and to impose specific sequences of motion by programing the stage motor controller (C.884.4DC, 4 channels, Physik Instrumente, Karlsruhe, Germany). The controller supported functions such as linear vector motion, point-to-point motion, and user-definable trajectories. It also served to record operating data related to stage position. In addition, to facilitate the acquisition of force, a bridge module (NI-9237, National Instruments, Texas, USA) was used to provide an efficient sampling rate (50 kS/s/ch).
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