The rheological characteristics of 0.5% (5 mg/mL), 1.0% (10 mg/mL), 1.5% (15 mg/mL), and 2% (20 mg/mL) of Co-dECM gel samples were examined with Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (TA Instruments, USA). A steady shear sweep analysis of the Co-dECM gel was performed at 15°C to evaluate its viscosity. A dynamic frequency sweep analysis provided the frequency-dependent storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli of Co-dECM gel.
Advanced rheometric expansion system
Manufactured by TA Instruments
Sourced in United States
The Advanced Rheometric Expansion System is a laboratory instrument designed for the measurement and analysis of the rheological properties of materials. It provides precise and reliable data on the flow and deformation characteristics of various substances, including polymers, suspensions, and other complex fluids.
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5 protocols using advanced rheometric expansion system
1
Rheological Properties of Co-dECM Gel
2
Rheological Characterization of dECM Hydrogels
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Rheological investigations were conducted on an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (TA Instrument, USA) using 25 mm diameter plate geometry. To assess the viscosity, steady shear sweep analysis of various dECM pre-gels were performed at a constant temperature of 15 °C. Dynamic frequency sweep analysis was conducted to measure the frequency-dependent storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli of various dECM gels in the range of 1–1,000 rad s–1 at 2% strain after incubation for 30 min at 37 °C. A temperature sweep was used to study the gelation kinetics of dECM pre-gels. The complex modulus was measured at each temperature while the dECM pre-gels were subjected to a temperature ramp in the range of 4–37 °C with a increment rate of 5 °C min−1. In addition, at 15 °C, the dECM pre-gels were held for 5 min. All measurements were conducted in triplicate.
3
Visualizing Cell Dynamics on PDMS Substrates
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We imaged the dynamics of confluent cells on PDMS substrates. Viscoelastic, soft elastic, and elastic substrata were prepared by mixing cross-linker and polymer (Sylgard 184; Dow Corning, Midland, MI) at ratios of 1:80, 1:60, and 1:20, respectively. The mixtures were degassed and spin-coated (6000 RPM for 10 s) onto 35-mm standard dishes (Corning, Tewksbury, MA) or imaging dishes (Ibidi, Martinsried, Germany), which were baked at 80°C for 2 h. The resultant PDMS substrata were 20–30 μm thick. For imaging procedures, a 100 μL drop of 20 μg/mL fibronectin from bovine plasma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was then adsorbed to the PDMS at room temperature for 1 h. This resulted in a circle of ∼5 mm diameter within which epithelial cells could attach. For protein extraction procedures, the entire base of the dish was coated with fibronectin.
The shear modulus of PDMS was measured by a rheometer with a temperature-controlled plate in a 25-mm cone and plate (0.04 rad) geometry (Advanced Rheometric Expansion System; TA Instrument, New Castle, DE) at 37°C with 1% strain and a frequency sweep between 0.1 and 100 rad/s. The characteristic modulus was taken at 1 rad/s.
The shear modulus of PDMS was measured by a rheometer with a temperature-controlled plate in a 25-mm cone and plate (0.04 rad) geometry (Advanced Rheometric Expansion System; TA Instrument, New Castle, DE) at 37°C with 1% strain and a frequency sweep between 0.1 and 100 rad/s. The characteristic modulus was taken at 1 rad/s.
4
Rheological Characterization of Setting Cements
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The elastic modulus and viscous modulus of the setting cements were tested following a method similar to that from a previous study,[13 ] using an ARES strain-controlled rheometer (Advanced Rheometric Expansion System, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE). The mixed samples were placed between two parallel plates covered in emery paper, 25 mm in diameter with a 0.6–0.7 mm gap. The lower plate was maintained at a temperature of 38 °C, and a closed chamber was used to maintain a constant temperature and 100% relative humidity, to prevent desiccation. The rheometer was operating in an oscillatory (sinusoidal) mode with an oscillation frequency of 0.159 Hz and an applied strain of 0.01%. Under these conditions, the applied strain was less than that required to alter the structure of the material, approximately 0.05%, established from performing a strain sweep on the cements using the rheometer, the changes in elastic shear modulus over a period of 30 min were measured.
Using rheometry, the “setting time” was defined as the point in time when the material reached 95% of its plateau elastic modulus. In all cases a plateauing of the elastic modulus was seen within the 30 min of data collection so the value of the modulus at 30 min was taken as the ultimate modulus.
Using rheometry, the “setting time” was defined as the point in time when the material reached 95% of its plateau elastic modulus. In all cases a plateauing of the elastic modulus was seen within the 30 min of data collection so the value of the modulus at 30 min was taken as the ultimate modulus.
5
Rheological Analysis of Glass Ionomer Cements
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A strain-controlled rheometer (Advanced Rheometric Expansion System, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) was used to assess the rheological properties of GICs after mixing 20) . For experimental GICs, the power and liquid were weighed using a four-digit balance. They were then hand-mixed using a plastic spatula for 10-20 s. The commercial GIC was prepared following the manufacturer's instruction. The freshly mixed GICs were then placed between two parallel plate geometries (8 mm in diameter). The gap between two plates was set at 1 mm. The applied strain and oscillatory frequency were maintained at 0.02% and 1 rad/s respectively. The temperature was set at 37±1°C. Storage modulus (G') of each sample was measured for 5 min (time-sweep measurement). The test was performed in triplicate. Time when G' reached 90% of their maximum was defined as setting time of the materials 20) .
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