fibroblasts [12 (link)] as described
[13 (link),14 (link)]. HCT116 cell extracts were made similarly, except that that growth
medium was replaced with medium containing 0.5% serum when the cells reached
50% confluence, and cells were harvested 5 days later. Recombinant His6-tagged XLF
and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1) were expressed in E. coli and purified by
nickel-affinity chromatography and monoQ FPLC [14 (link)]. Mutations were introduced using QuickChange kit (Qiagen). Artemis
nuclease [15 (link)], X4L4 complex
[16 (link)] and Ku [17 (link)] were produced in baculovirus-infected
insect cells. Recombinant human endoIII homologue (hNTH) [18 (link)] was kindly provided by Dr. David Pederson, University
of Vermont and was stored in small aliquots at −80°C. Tg-containing
oligonucleotides were obtained from Midland Certified Reagents, with structural
verification by mass spectrometry. Unmodified oligomers were from Integrated DNA
Technologies and other enzymes were from New England Biolabs.