Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, sodium nitrate, aluminium chloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium chloride, sodium acetate, vanillin, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC), iron chloride hexahydrate, 2,4,6 tripyridyl-striazine (TPTZ), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethyl-benzothiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2carboxylic acid (Trolox), sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium chloride, potassium persulfate, catechin and gallic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). For gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, ellagic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillin, chlorogenic acid, all standards were HPLC grade and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile was purchased from Tedia (Fairfield, OH, USA). HPLC-grade formic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents were analytical grade.
Vanillin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, Australia, China, United Kingdom, India, Spain, France, Belgium, Macao, Sao Tome and Principe, Switzerland
Vanillin is a chemical compound used as a flavoring agent. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean and is commonly used in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (162 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (111 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (101 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (84 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (76 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Merck Group (73 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (72 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (63 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (63 mentions)
Syringic acid, by Merck Group (62 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (57 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (54 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (48 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (43 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (43 mentions)
Apigenin, by Merck Group (41 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (40 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (40 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (36 mentions)
Luteolin, by Merck Group (36 mentions)
457 protocols using vanillin
1
Antioxidant Assays and Phytochemical Analysis
2
Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis
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Extracted chemical components were analyzed by separation with thin layer chromatography (TLC) using aluminum-backed TLC plates (Fluka, silica gel F254). TLC plates were developed in saturated chambers using mobile phases of different polarities, namely benzene/ethanol/ammonia hydroxide (BEA) (nonpolar/basic) (18:2:0.2), chloroform/ethyl acetate/formic acid (CEF) (intermediate polarity/acidic) (10:8:2), and ethyl acetate/methanol/water (EMW) (polar/neutral) (10:5.4:4).33 Separated compounds on the TLC plates were examined under ultraviolet light (254 and 365 nm) then sprayed with vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent (0.1 g vanillin [Sigma]: 28 mL methanol:1 mL concentrated sulfuric acid) and heated at 110°C for optimal color development.
3
Characterization of Perfume Raw Materials
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Camphor (96%), carvacrol (99%), (L)-carvone (99%), E-caryophyllene (≥98%), citronellol (≥95%), eucalyptol (99%), eugenol (≥98%), geraniol (≥97%), R-(+)-limonene (≥98%), (AE)-linalool (>97%), (AE)-menthol (≥98%), (-)-menthone (96%), α-pinene (98%), tonalide (≥98%), vanillin (99%) and Tween ® 20 were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethanol (P.A. 99.8%), 1-propanol (67-63-0 ≥ 99.5%), mEthanol (67-56-1 P.A. 99.9%), phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) and glacial acetic acid (64-19-7) were obtained from Merck. The perfume raw materials are listed in Table 1 with their chemical structure presented in Fig. 1. All the PRMs are miscible with Ethanol (Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) and Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)), with exception of vanillin and Camphor solubilities, 50 mg mL -1 (Sigma ® product datasheet) and 1 g mL -1 (HSDB).
4
Vanillin Staining for Silique Tissue Analysis
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For staining the silique tissue, the WT flowers were emasculated at stage 12c
13 (link) and pollinated with
gcs1/+ pollen grains. For
agl62 experiments, the
agl62 mutant flowers were emasculated at stage 12c and pollinated with WT,
gcs1/+, and
agl62 pollen grains. The siliques were collected at 3 days after pollination (DAP).
For vanillin staining, the ovules were manually dissected from the ovaries and mounted on slides in 1% (wt/vol) vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; Sigma) in 6 N HCl solution. Slides were analyzed after 20 min of incubation. Samples were analyzed with a Leica DM2500 microscope using differential interference contrast optics. Images were recorded with a Leica DFC 300 FX digital camera at a magnification of 5×, 10× and 20×. The microscopic protocols followed were as previously described
5 (link).
13 (link) and pollinated with
gcs1/+ pollen grains. For
agl62 experiments, the
agl62 mutant flowers were emasculated at stage 12c and pollinated with WT,
gcs1/+, and
agl62 pollen grains. The siliques were collected at 3 days after pollination (DAP).
For vanillin staining, the ovules were manually dissected from the ovaries and mounted on slides in 1% (wt/vol) vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; Sigma) in 6 N HCl solution. Slides were analyzed after 20 min of incubation. Samples were analyzed with a Leica DM2500 microscope using differential interference contrast optics. Images were recorded with a Leica DFC 300 FX digital camera at a magnification of 5×, 10× and 20×. The microscopic protocols followed were as previously described
5 (link).
5
Quantifying Lipid Content in Liposomes and EVs
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Lipid content was determined as described previously by Visnovitz et al.76 (link). In brief, 50 mg of vanillin (Sigma, W310727) was dissolved in 50 mL of 17% phosphoric acid (Sigma, 79617) to create phosphor-vanillin reagent. 200 µL of 96% sulfuric acid was added either to 40 µL of 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline (DOPC) (Sigma, P6354) liposome standards, or to 40 µL of EVs suspended in sterile filtered PBS. After being vortexed, samples and standards were incubated at 90 °C in a fume hood for 20 min. Tubes were cooled down and 120 µL of phospho-vanillin reagent was added to each tube and 280 µL of each sample was transferred into a 96-well plate and was incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. Absorbance was determined at 540 nm using a plate reader (Multiskan Go, Thermo Scientific). Total PC content was measured using a colorimetric assay (CS0001, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
6
In Vitro Digestion of Pulse Crops
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Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum variety Kabuli), Yellow peas (Pisum sativum), Faba beans (Vicia faba), Red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris variety Kidney), green lentils (Lens culinaris) were generously donated by Pulse Canada (Manitoba, Canada). α-Glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (≥100 units/mg protein), dipeptidyl peptidase IV human (recombinant expressed in Sf9 cells), α-amylase (from porcine pancreas, type VI-B, ≥5 units/mg solid), pancreatin (from porcine pancreas, 8xUSP specification), pepsin (from porcine gastric mucosa, ≥250 units/mg solid), Calcoflour white stain (calcofluor white M2R 1 g/L, evans blue, 0.5 g/L), Toluidine blue O, gallic acid, vanillin and catechin were purchased from Millipore Sigma (Burlington, MA, USA). Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC® 8014™ was purchased from Cedarlane (Burlington, ON, Canada). DeMan, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth, M17 broth and Bacteriological agar were purchased from Oxoid (Nepean, ON, Canada). DCTM Protein Assay Kit II and Ladder Precision Plus Protein dual color standards were purchased from BioRad (Mississauga, ON, Canada). GelCode blue safe protein stain was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Toronto, ON, Canada).
7
Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
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Chemical standards (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin, sinapic acid, catechin, isoferulic acid, 4 hydroxybenzoic acid, and FAMEs mix) were purchased from Millipore Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). All solvents used were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) and were HPLC grade.
8
Antioxidant Capacity Assays Reagents
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Diammonium 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS; ≥98%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH radical), Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox; 97%), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ; ≥98%), chlorogenic acid (CHA; 95%), salicylic acid (≥99%), p-coumaric acid (≥98%), sinapic acid (≥98%), syringic acid (≥95%), caffeic acid (≥98%), vanillin (99%), vanillic acid (≥97%), gallic acid (97.5-102.5%), starch from potato, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA; ≥98%), sodium chloride (≥99.5%), and α-amylase from porcine pancreas (Type VI-B, ≥5 units/mg solid) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Acetonitrile, formic acid and ultrapure water from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy) were UPLC-MS grade.
9
Purification and Characterization of Alkaloids
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The ligand was separated from the retained cationic fraction by size-exclusion LH-20 chromatography using methanohwater (70:30) as the mobile phase. Fractions were checked using thin layer chromatography on silica gel-coated plates (Merck, USA) and developed with methanol:water (70:30 v/v) in a saturated chromatography chamber for about 20 min. The plates were visualized under UV light (254 nm) and stained with vanillin (1% in ethanol) and dichlorofluorescein (0.1% in ethanol-NaOH 2.5 mM) (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany). Fluorescent fractions were pooled and re-purified by HPLC as previously described (Kulkarni et al. 2010) , with slight modifications. Isocratic analytical HPLC was performed using an RP-C18 column (Nucleosil 120 C18, 5 urn, 250x4 mm, Scharlab, Spain). The mobile phase for alkaloid elution was acetonitrile:water (85:15) at a flow rate 0.5 mL/min for 150 |iL of sample. Sample peaks were detected using UV light at 254 nm. All reagents were HPLC grade.
10
Evaluation of Yeast Tolerance to Vanillin
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S. cerevisiae strains (Table 1) were purchased from European Saccharomyces cerevisiae Archive for Functional Analysis and grown in YEPD (1% bacto-yeast extract, 2% bacto-proteose peptone, and 2% glucose) at 30°C unless stated otherwise. Vanillin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). To determine S. cerevisiae sensitivity to Vanillin, various Vanillin concentrations were added to the medium.
Cell growth was quantified by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ). For microarray experiments, exponentially growing cells were harvested by filtration [31] and resuspended in YEPD containing 4 mM Vanillin for 2 h. Cells were then cultured in 500 ml baffled flasks (Nalgene, USA) containing 100 ml of YEPD supplemented with various concentrations of Vanillin at 30°C for 30 h with shaking at 200 rpm. For plate growth assay, S. cerevisiae was grown in YEPD overnight and diluted to an OD 600 of 0.2. Then, 5-fold serial dilutions were prepared, and 10 µl of each dilution was spotted onto a YEPD plate containing 6 mM Vanillin. The plates were incubated at 30°C for 2 or 3 days [25] .
Cell growth was quantified by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ). For microarray experiments, exponentially growing cells were harvested by filtration [31] and resuspended in YEPD containing 4 mM Vanillin for 2 h. Cells were then cultured in 500 ml baffled flasks (Nalgene, USA) containing 100 ml of YEPD supplemented with various concentrations of Vanillin at 30°C for 30 h with shaking at 200 rpm. For plate growth assay, S. cerevisiae was grown in YEPD overnight and diluted to an OD 600 of 0.2. Then, 5-fold serial dilutions were prepared, and 10 µl of each dilution was spotted onto a YEPD plate containing 6 mM Vanillin. The plates were incubated at 30°C for 2 or 3 days [25] .
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