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56 protocols using acetonitrile

1

Optimization of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles

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SN38, Hoechst 33258, cholesterol, Pluronic F68, rhodamine B, and phosphotungstic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). DSPE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine–N-(folate[polyethylene glycol 2,000) (PEG2,000 folate) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Epikuron 200 was obtained from Lucas Meyer (Champlan, France). Sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, disodium hydrogen phosphate dehydrate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile of analytical reagent grade were obtained from Mallinckrodt (Staines-upon-Thames, UK). The human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF7 was purchased from the Culture Collection and Research Center of the Food Industry Research and Development Institute (Hsinchu, Taiwan).
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2

Analytical Standards for Lipid Analysis

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The following analytical standards were acquired from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (5MChr), ChemService (DaiP), Fluka (BjF, DalP, DaeP, DahP), Supelco Inc. (BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, DahA, IcdP and 37 component FAME mix) and Sigma (5α-cholestan, cholesta-3,5-diene, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, brassicasterol). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade hexane, cyclohexane, isopropanol and N,N-dimetilformamide were from Tedia, acetonitrile from J.T. Baker, methanol from Mallinckrodt and water was obtained from a Millipore Milli-Q purification system. Millex HV filters (0.45 µm) were purchased from Millipore and solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns were from Waters (Sep Pak C18, 500 mg, 3 mL).
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3

Chemical Sources for Research Protocols

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The chemicals used in this study were obtained from the following sources: resveratrol from CTMedChem (Bronx, NY); U0126 and D609 from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO); alachlor and lindane from Chem Service (West Chester, PA); arachidonic acid from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI); 1-monolaurin (Lauricidin®) from Med-Chem Laboratories (Galena, IL); TPA from Biomol International (Plymouth Meeting, PA); 1-methylanthracene, 1-methylfluorene, benzoylperoxide (Luperox® A98), 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid, dicumylperoxide, EGF, fluoranthene, fluorene, Lucifer Yellow CH dilithium salt(MW 457.25), pentachlorophenol, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOSA), phenanthrene, pyrene and thrombin receptor activator peptide 6 (TRAP-6) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO); 9,10-dimethylanthracene, 1-methylpyrene, PFOA and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland); 4,4'-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDT) from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA); R59022 from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA); acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol and formaldehyde from Mallinckrodt Baker (Phillipsburg NJ).
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4

Ochratoxin A Standard Preparation and Analysis

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Solid standard of OTA was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). The stock solution (1 mg/mL) was prepared by weighing 1 mg of the toxin, which was then dissolved in 1 mL of toluene/acetic acid (99:1, v/v). To assess the exact concentration of the OTA stock solution, an aliquot was evaporated to dryness, redissolved in methanol at concentration of about 10 μg/mL, and spectrophotometrically tested (ε = 6330 cm2/mmol, at λ = 332 nm). Standard solutions of OTA for HPLC calibration or spiking purposes were prepared by dissolving adequate amounts of the stock solution, previously evaporated to dryness under nitrogen stream, in the HPLC mobile phase. Acetonitrile, methanol, water (HPLC grade), and glacial acetic acid were purchased from Mallinckrodt Baker (Milan, Italy). Choline chloride, urea, and glycerol were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany).
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5

Isolation and Characterization of PPU and ERG

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The extraction and isolation of PPU extract and ERG have been shown in the reported literature [64 (link)]. Adenine (batch No.: A8626, Purity 99.0%) and formic acid solution (ref BCBB6918, purity 50%), UPLC grade, were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co (Sigma Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA). Liquid-chromatography-grade acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from the Baker Company (Mallinckrodt Baker Inc., Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Ultra-high purity water was prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA). All other reagents were analytical grade and their purity was above 99.5%.
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6

Ritonavir-based Nanomedicine Formulation

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Ritonavir
was purchased from ChemShuttle
(Wuxi, China), PVPVA-64 (Kollidon 64) was sourced from BASF (Florham
Park, NJ), and pyrene was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
MO). Methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Mallinckrodt Baker
(Phillipsburg, NJ). All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich
(St. Louis, MO). Reverse osmosis water with a resistivity lower than
18 MΩ was used in all experiments.
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7

Quantification of HIV Protease Inhibitors

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Reference standards of atazanavir (99.6%), darunavir (99.2%), and ritonavir (99.3%) and their deuterated internal standards (ISs) atazanavir-d6 (99.1%), darunavir-d9 (99.5%) and ritonavir-d6 (99.0%) were procured from Clearsynth Labs Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile were obtained from Mallinckrodt Baker, S.A.de C.V. (Estado de Mexico, Mexico). Bio-ultragrade ammonium formate and LC-MS grade formic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Oasis HLB (1 cc, 30 mg) extraction cartridges were from Waters Corporation (Milford, MA, USA). Water used in the study was prepared from Milli-Q water purification system from Millipore (Bangalore, India). Blank human plasma in K3EDTA was obtained from Supratech Micropath (Ahmedabad, India) and was stored at –20°C until use.
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8

Peptide Crosslinking and Characterization

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Methanol, acetic acid, and acetonitrile were purchased from Mallinckrodt (Phillipsburg, NJ). The peptide AADAADAA was custom synthesized by NeoBioLab (Cambridge, MA). The (−)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt dihydrate were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) cross-linker was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.(Rockford, IL). The N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 4-trimethylammonium butyrate (TMAB-NHS) reagent was a generous donation from Prof. Fred Regnier. All peptide solutions for positive nanoelectrospray (nESI) were prepared in 49.5/49.5/1 (v/v/v) Methanol/water/acetic acid, while the peptide solutions for negative nESI were mixed in 49.5/49.5/1 (v/v/v) Methanol/water/ammonium hydroxide solution (~50 μM). The BS3, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and (−)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid (18C6-TCBA) reagents were dissolved in water (~2 mM), while the TMAB-NHS was dissolved in acetonitrile (~2 mM).
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9

Ochratoxin A Determination in Salami

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All solvents and reagents were analytical grade or HPLC grade. OTA pure standard used to prepare standard solutions for the validation of the applied methodology was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).
OchraTest™ WB immunoaffinity columns from Vicam ® (Milford, MA, USA) were used for samples purification.
Solvents and reagents used for the extraction of OTA from salami samples (ethyl acetate, phosphoric acid, sodium bicarbonate), as well as the chemicals used to prepare PBS buffer (sodium chloride, disodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium chloride) were obtained from Carlo Erba Reagents (Cornaredo, MI, Italy). The solvents used in the post extraction immunoaffinity clean up (water, methyl alcohol), and all solvents used for HPLC analysis (water, acetonitrile, isopropyl alcohol, acetic acid) were purchased from Mallinckrodt Baker B.V. (Deventer, The Netherlands).
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10

Synthesis of Fluorinated Alkanoic Acids

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3,4-DMP (>98.0%), fluorinated alkanoic acids (C2–C8), 3-methyl-2-butanone, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Sydney, Australia). Methanol and acetonitrile were supplied by Mallinckrodt (Sydney, Australia), and 15N2-hydrazine sulfate was manufactured by Toronto Research Chemicals, supplied by Sapphire Bioscience (Sydney, Australia).
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