Choline chloride (Chcl) (>99%), betaine hydrochloride (>99%), urea (>99%), citric acid (>99%), ethanediol (>99%), oxalic acid and xylitol(>99%) were purchased from Aladdin Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). Propylene glycol (>99%), glycerine (>97%), acetamide, lactic acid (>97%), glucose(>99%), sucrose were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). Polyethylene glycol 200 was purchased form Yuanye Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Butanediol (>99%) were purchased from Xilong Scientific (Guangzhou, China). levulinic acid (>99%) was obtained from Shanghai Lynn Technology Development (Shanghai, China).
The reference compound scutellarin was purchased from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China).