Polyjet 850

The patient’s CTA data were imported into Materialise Mimics version 21.0 (Leuven, Belgium) software, and the threshold segmentation function was used to segment the 3D reconstruction. Then, the obtained 3D reconstructive model was extracted, trimmed, smoothed, and repaired digitally in the Materialise 3-Matic (Leuven, Belgium) software. The structure of the aortic root was restored completely. The standard tessellation language (STL) files of the 3D reconstruction were exported to a Stratasys Polyjet 850 multimaterial full-color 3D printer. Different tissues of the aortic root were printed with materials of different hardnesses and colors to obtain the patient’s 3D-printed aortic root model (Figure 1).

The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format of CT data of PRS patients was imported into Materialise Mimics Version 21.0 software (Leuven, Belgium), and the 3D reconstructed model of the head and airway using the threshold segmentation function was obtained. In Materialise 3-Matic software (Leuven, Belgium), the obtained 3D model was extracted, clipped, smoothed and repaired, and the above anatomical structures were completely restored 1:1. Furthermore, the Standard Triangle Language (STL) file of the 3D reconstructed model was exported to a Stratasys Polyjet 850 multimaterial full colour 3D printer (Supplementary Figure S1, Supplementary Table S1). Different tissues matched hard and soft materials with different colours for editing and printing to obtain a specific PRS simulator (Supplementary Table S1, Figures 2A–E).